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States","Italy"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1900","russian-empire","german-empire","austro-hungarian","ottoman-late"],"partOf":[],"casualties":20000000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I","importance":5,"casualtyRange":{"low":15000000,"high":20000000,"source":"Wikipedia: World War I Casualties; Clodfelter (Warfare and Armed Conflicts)","notes":"Military deaths ~10M, civilian deaths ~5-10M including famine. Estimates vary for civilian component."}},{"id":"zaian-war","name":"Zaian War","startYear":1914,"endYear":1921,"coordinates":[-5.5,33],"locations":["Khenifra","El Herri","Middle Atlas"],"countries":["Third French Republic","Zaian Berber confederation"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaian_War","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-garua","name":"Battle of Garua","startYear":1915,"endYear":1915,"coordinates":[13.4,9.3],"locations":["Garua"],"countries":["German Empire","British Empire","French Third Republic"],"polityIds":["german-empire","british-empire-1900"],"partOf":["kamerun-campaign"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Garua","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-jassin","name":"Battle of Jassin","startYear":1915,"endYear":1915,"coordinates":[39.2,-4.7],"locations":["Jassin"],"countries":["German Empire","United Kingdom"],"polityIds":["german-empire","british-empire-1900"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jassin","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-mongua","name":"Battle of Mongua","startYear":1915,"endYear":1915,"coordinates":[15.8,-17.4],"locations":["Mongua"],"countries":["Portuguese Empire","Kwanyama"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising","importance":3},{"id":"chilembwe-uprising","name":"Chilembwe Uprising","startYear":1915,"endYear":1915,"coordinates":[35.5,-15.7],"locations":["Shire Highlands","Magomero","Blantyre"],"countries":["Nyasaland Protectorate"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising","importance":3},{"id":"gallipoli-campaign","name":"Gallipoli Campaign","startYear":1915,"endYear":1916,"coordinates":[26.1863,40.3517],"locations":["Ottoman Empire","Turkey"],"countries":["Ottoman Empire","United Kingdom","France","Australia","New Zealand"],"polityIds":["ottoman-late","british-empire-1900"],"partOf":["world-war-1"],"casualties":130000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign","importance":4,"casualtyRange":{"low":110000,"high":190000,"source":"British, Ottoman, Australian records; Clodfelter","notes":"deaths: Allied ~56,000, Ottoman 56,000-87,000; total casualties incl. wounded ~500,000"}},{"id":"kru-wars","name":"Kru Wars","startYear":1915,"endYear":1916,"coordinates":[-9.1,5],"locations":["Kru Coast","Sasstown"],"countries":["Liberia","Kru peoples"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kru_people","importance":2},{"id":"mandume-s-war","name":"Mandume's War","startYear":1915,"endYear":1917,"coordinates":[15.9,-17],"locations":["Ovamboland","Oihole","southern Angola"],"countries":["Union of South Africa","Portuguese Empire","Kwanyama"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandume_ya_Ndemufayo","importance":3},{"id":"voltabani-war","name":"Volta–Bani War","startYear":1915,"endYear":1917,"coordinates":[-3,12.3],"locations":["Bani","Volta","Dédougou"],"countries":["France","Volta–Bani Federation"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta-Bani_War","importance":4},{"id":"armenian-genocide","name":"Armenian Genocide","startYear":1915,"endYear":1923,"locations":["Ottoman Empire","Anatolia"],"countries":["Ottoman Empire"],"polityIds":["ottoman-late"],"coordinates":[35,39],"casualties":1500000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_genocide","importance":5,"casualtyRange":{"low":1000000,"high":1500000,"source":"Wikipedia: Armenian genocide","notes":"Ottoman Empire 1915-1923. Armenian estimates 1-1.5M; Turkish estimates lower. 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Total mortality 1918-1922 highly disputed by sources."}},{"id":"tripolitanian-republic-war","name":"Tripolitanian Republic War","startYear":1918,"endYear":1923,"coordinates":[13.5,32.5],"locations":["Tripolitania","Misrata","Gharyan"],"countries":["Tripolitanian Republic","Kingdom of Italy"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitanian_Republic","importance":3},{"id":"egyptian-revolution-of-1919","name":"Egyptian Revolution of 1919","startYear":1919,"endYear":1919,"coordinates":[31.25,30.05],"locations":["Cairo","Alexandria","Nile Delta"],"countries":["United Kingdom","Wafd Party / Egyptian nationalists"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1921"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_1919","importance":4},{"id":"anglo-afghan-war-1919","name":"Third Anglo-Afghan War","startYear":1919,"endYear":1919,"coordinates":[69,34],"locations":["Afghanistan"],"countries":["British Empire","Afghanistan"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1921"],"partOf":[],"casualties":3000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War","importance":2,"casualtyRange":{"low":2000,"high":5000,"source":"Wikipedia: Third Anglo-Afghan War","notes":"British-Indian ~1,750 dead (mostly disease); Afghan ~1,000+"}},{"id":"irish-independence-war","name":"Irish War of Independence","startYear":1919,"endYear":1921,"coordinates":[-6.2603,53.3498],"locations":["Ireland"],"countries":["Ireland","United Kingdom"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1921"],"partOf":[],"casualties":5000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence","importance":3},{"id":"polish-soviet-war","name":"Polish-Soviet War","startYear":1919,"endYear":1921,"coordinates":[21.0122,52.2297],"locations":["Poland","Ukraine","Belarus"],"countries":["Poland","Soviet Union"],"polityIds":["soviet-union-1938"],"partOf":[],"casualties":100000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War","importance":3,"casualtyRange":{"low":100000,"high":300000,"source":"Wikipedia: Polish-Soviet War 1919-1921","notes":"1919-1921. Soviet figures lower; Polish/Western estimates higher. 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Free State","Irish Republican Army"],"partOf":[],"casualties":3000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War","importance":2},{"id":"italian-pacification-of-libya","name":"Italian Pacification of Libya","startYear":1923,"endYear":1932,"coordinates":[22,28],"locations":["Cyrenaica","Fezzan","Kufra","Jebel Akhdar"],"countries":["Kingdom of Italy","Senussi Order"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacification_of_Libya","importance":4},{"id":"alhucemas-landing","name":"Alhucemas Landing","startYear":1925,"endYear":1925,"coordinates":[-3.9,35.25],"locations":["Alhucemas Bay"],"countries":["Kingdom of Spain","Third French Republic","Republic of the Rif"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhucemas_landing","importance":3},{"id":"druze-revolt-1925","name":"Druze Revolt","startYear":1925,"endYear":1927,"coordinates":[36.5,33.5],"locations":["Syria","Jabal Druze"],"countries":["France","Druze Community"],"partOf":[],"casualties":6000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze_Revolt","importance":3},{"id":"italian-invasion-of-somalia","name":"Italian invasion of Somalia","startYear":1925,"endYear":1927,"coordinates":[42.5,4],"locations":["Mudug","Majeerteen","Hobyo"],"countries":["Kingdom of Italy","Sultanate of Hobyo","Majeerteen Sultanate"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Sultanates","importance":3},{"id":"first-northern-expedition","name":"First Northern Expedition","startYear":1926,"endYear":1928,"coordinates":[113.2644,23.1291],"locations":["China","Guangdong"],"countries":["China","warlord factions"],"partOf":[],"casualties":200000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Expedition","importance":3},{"id":"northern-expedition-1926","name":"Northern Expedition","startYear":1926,"endYear":1928,"coordinates":[110,30],"locations":["China"],"countries":["Chinese Nationalist Party","Chinese warlords"],"partOf":[],"casualties":250000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Expedition","importance":2},{"id":"cristero-war","name":"Cristero War","startYear":1926,"endYear":1929,"coordinates":[-104.6532,21.4979],"importance":2,"casualties":90000,"countries":["Mexico"],"locations":[],"partOf":[],"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristero_War"},{"id":"first-chinese-civil-war","name":"Chinese Civil War (First Period)","startYear":1927,"endYear":1937,"coordinates":[115.86,28.68],"locations":["China","Jiangxi","Yan'an"],"countries":["Republic of China","Chinese Communist Party"],"partOf":[],"casualties":1000000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War","importance":3,"casualtyRange":{"low":1000000,"high":3000000,"source":"Wikipedia: Chinese Civil War (First Period)","notes":"1927-1937. KMT-Communist conflict, warlord era. Military and civilian casualties."}},{"id":"chinese-civil-war","name":"Chinese Civil War","startYear":1927,"endYear":1949,"coordinates":[116.4074,39.9042],"locations":["China"],"countries":["China","Communist Party of China"],"partOf":[],"casualties":8000000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War","importance":5,"casualtyRange":{"low":7000000,"high":20000000,"source":"Wikipedia: Chinese Civil War; Clodfelter","notes":"1927-1949. Communist estimates lower; Nationalist sources suggest higher. Rural casualties from war, famine extensive."}},{"id":"kongo-wara-rebellion","name":"Kongo-Wara Rebellion","startYear":1928,"endYear":1931,"coordinates":[16.5,5],"locations":["Lobaye","Sangha","Haut-Oubangui"],"countries":["French Equatorial Africa"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo-Wara_rebellion","importance":4},{"id":"aba-women-s-war","name":"Aba Women's War","startYear":1929,"endYear":1929,"coordinates":[7.4,5.1],"locations":["Aba","Owerri","Calabar"],"countries":["United Kingdom","Igbo women","Ibibio women"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1921"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba_Women%27s_Riots","importance":3},{"id":"italian-conquest-of-the-fezzan","name":"Italian Conquest of the Fezzan","startYear":1929,"endYear":1931,"coordinates":[14,26],"locations":["Sebha","Murzuk","Kufra"],"countries":["Kingdom of Italy","Senussi Order"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-anchim","name":"Battle of Anchim","startYear":1930,"endYear":1930,"coordinates":[37.05,11.55],"locations":["Anchim","Gojjam"],"countries":["Ethiopian Empire"],"polityIds":["ethiopian-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anchem","importance":3},{"id":"yen-bai-mutiny","name":"Yên Bái mutiny","startYear":1930,"endYear":1930,"coordinates":[104.86,21.71],"locations":["Yên Bái","Tonkin"],"countries":["French Indochina","VNQDĐ"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny","importance":3},{"id":"nghe-tinh-soviets","name":"Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets","startYear":1930,"endYear":1931,"coordinates":[105.7,18.7],"locations":["Vinh","Nghệ An","Hà Tĩnh"],"countries":["French Indochina","Vietnamese Communist Party"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87-T%C4%A9nh_Soviets","importance":4},{"id":"saya-san-rebellion","name":"Saya San rebellion","startYear":1930,"endYear":1932,"coordinates":[95.55,17.65],"locations":["Tharrawaddy","Lower Burma"],"countries":["British Burma","Galon Army"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saya_San","importance":4},{"id":"pende-revolt","name":"Pende Revolt","startYear":1931,"endYear":1931,"coordinates":[19,-6.5],"locations":["Kwilu","Kilamba"],"countries":["Belgian Congo","Pende"],"polityIds":["belgian-congo"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pende_revolt","importance":3},{"id":"siamese-revolution-of-1932","name":"Siamese revolution of 1932","startYear":1932,"endYear":1932,"coordinates":[100.5,13.75],"locations":["Bangkok"],"countries":["Siam","Khana Ratsadon"],"polityIds":["siam-rattanakosin"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932","importance":3},{"id":"americas-colombia-peru-war-1932","name":"Colombia-Peru War (Leticia Dispute)","startYear":1932,"endYear":1933,"coordinates":[-69.94,-4.23],"locations":["Leticia","Amazon","Colombia","Peru"],"countries":["Colombia","Peru"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leticia_Conflict","importance":2},{"id":"holodomor","name":"Holodomor","startYear":1932,"endYear":1933,"locations":["Soviet Union","Ukraine"],"countries":["Soviet Union"],"polityIds":["soviet-union-1938"],"coordinates":[30.5234,50.4501],"casualties":4000000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor","importance":5,"casualtyRange":{"low":3300000,"high":10000000,"source":"Wikipedia: Holodomor; Rummel","notes":"Soviet famine 1932-1933 in Ukraine. Scholarly consensus 3.5-7M. Some estimates reach 10M including broader Soviet territories."},"partOf":[]},{"id":"chaco-war","name":"Chaco War","startYear":1932,"endYear":1935,"coordinates":[-62.0895,-22.5597],"importance":3,"casualties":100000,"countries":["Paraguay","Bolivia"],"locations":[],"partOf":[],"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaco_War"},{"id":"boworadet-rebellion","name":"Boworadet rebellion","startYear":1933,"endYear":1933,"coordinates":[100.5,13.75],"locations":["Bangkok","Don Muang"],"countries":["Siam","Royalist rebels"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boworadet_rebellion","importance":2},{"id":"puerto-rico-armed-conflicts","name":"Puerto Rican Armed Conflicts","startYear":1933,"endYear":1954,"coordinates":[-66.6366,18.2208],"importance":1,"casualties":50,"countries":["Puerto Rico"],"locations":[],"partOf":[],"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"id":"saudi-yemen-war-1934","name":"Saudi-Yemeni War","startYear":1934,"endYear":1934,"coordinates":[45,16],"locations":["Yemen","Saudi Arabia"],"countries":["Saudi Arabia","Yemen"],"partOf":[],"casualties":3000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War","importance":2},{"id":"second-italo-ethiopian-war-1935","name":"Second Italo-Ethiopian War","startYear":1935,"endYear":1936,"coordinates":[39,9],"locations":["Ethiopia","Addis Ababa"],"countries":["Italian Empire","Ethiopia"],"polityIds":["ethiopian-empire"],"partOf":["italian-ethiopian-wars"],"casualties":750000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-amba-aradam","name":"Battle of Amba Aradam","startYear":1936,"endYear":1936,"coordinates":[39.5,13.3],"locations":["Amba Aradam","Tigray"],"countries":["Kingdom of Italy","Ethiopian Empire"],"polityIds":["ethiopian-empire"],"partOf":["italian-ethiopian-wars"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amba_Aradam","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-maychew","name":"Battle of Maychew","startYear":1936,"endYear":1936,"coordinates":[39.55,12.78],"locations":["Maychew","Mekan"],"countries":["Kingdom of Italy","Ethiopian Empire"],"polityIds":["ethiopian-empire"],"partOf":["italian-ethiopian-wars"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maychew","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-shire","name":"Battle of Shire","startYear":1936,"endYear":1936,"coordinates":[38.28,14.1],"locations":["Shire","Tekeze"],"countries":["Kingdom of Italy","Ethiopian Empire"],"polityIds":["ethiopian-empire"],"partOf":["italian-ethiopian-wars"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shire","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-the-ogaden-1936","name":"Battle of the Ogaden (1936)","startYear":1936,"endYear":1936,"coordinates":[44,6.5],"locations":["Genale Doria","Ogaden"],"countries":["Kingdom of Italy","Ethiopian Empire"],"polityIds":["ethiopian-empire"],"partOf":["second-italo-ethiopian-war-1935"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ogaden","importance":3},{"id":"spanish-civil-war","name":"Spanish Civil War","startYear":1936,"endYear":1939,"coordinates":[-3.7038,40.4168],"locations":["Spain"],"countries":["Spain","Nazi Germany","Fascist Italy","Soviet Union"],"polityIds":["third-reich-1938","soviet-union-1938"],"partOf":[],"casualties":500000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War","importance":4,"casualtyRange":{"low":500000,"high":1000000,"source":"Spanish sources; International Brigade records; Clodfelter","notes":"1936-1939; Franco vs Republicans"}},{"id":"ethiopian-patriots-resistance","name":"Ethiopian Patriots resistance","startYear":1936,"endYear":1941,"coordinates":[38.5,9.5],"locations":["Gojjam","Begemder","Shewa","Wollo"],"countries":["Ethiopian Empire","Kingdom of Italy"],"polityIds":["ethiopian-empire"],"partOf":["italian-ethiopian-wars"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbegnoch","importance":4},{"id":"second-sino-japanese-war-shanghai","name":"Second Sino-Japanese War - Shanghai Campaign","startYear":1937,"endYear":1937,"coordinates":[121.47,31.23],"locations":["Shanghai","Pudong"],"countries":["Republic of China","Japan"],"polityIds":["empire-of-japan-1937"],"partOf":[],"casualties":300000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War","importance":3,"casualtyRange":{"low":300000,"high":500000,"source":"Wikipedia: Battle of Shanghai (Second Sino-Japanese War)","notes":"1937 Shanghai campaign subset of broader war."}},{"id":"yekatit-12-massacre","name":"Yekatit 12 massacre","startYear":1937,"endYear":1937,"coordinates":[38.74,9.03],"locations":["Addis Ababa"],"countries":["Kingdom of Italy","Ethiopian Empire"],"polityIds":["ethiopian-empire"],"partOf":["italian-ethiopian-wars"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekatit_12","importance":3},{"id":"nanjing-massacre","name":"Battle of Nanjing and Nanjing Massacre","startYear":1937,"endYear":1938,"coordinates":[118.8,32.06],"locations":["Nanjing","Jiangsu"],"countries":["Republic of China","Japan"],"polityIds":["empire-of-japan-1937"],"partOf":["second-sino-japanese-war"],"casualties":500000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War","importance":4},{"id":"taiyuan-campaign","name":"Battle of Taiyuan","startYear":1937,"endYear":1938,"coordinates":[112.55,37.87],"locations":["Taiyuan","Shanxi"],"countries":["Republic of China","Japan"],"polityIds":["empire-of-japan-1937"],"partOf":[],"casualties":100000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War","importance":2},{"name":"Anti-Japanese Invasion War (China)","startYear":1937,"endYear":1945,"coordinates":[120,35],"locations":["China"],"countries":["China","Japan"],"polityIds":["empire-of-japan-1937"],"partOf":[],"casualties":20000000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War","importance":4,"id":"anti-japanese-invasion-war-china"},{"id":"second-sino-japanese-war","name":"Second Sino-Japanese War","startYear":1937,"endYear":1945,"coordinates":[121.4737,31.2304],"locations":["China","Manchuria"],"countries":["China","Japan"],"polityIds":["empire-of-japan-1937"],"partOf":[],"casualties":20000000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino%E2%80%93Japanese_War","importance":5,"casualtyRange":{"low":3000000,"high":20000000,"source":"Wikipedia: Second Sino-Japanese War","notes":"1937-1945. Chinese estimates 20M+ (military + civilian); Japanese sources ~3-5M. Atrocities, famine, disease contribute."}},{"id":"xuzhou-campaign","name":"Battle of Xuzhou","startYear":1938,"endYear":1938,"coordinates":[117.56,34.27],"locations":["Xuzhou","Jiangsu","Anhui"],"countries":["Republic of China","Japan"],"polityIds":["empire-of-japan-1937"],"partOf":[],"casualties":200000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War","importance":3},{"id":"invasion-poland","name":"Invasion of Poland","startYear":1939,"endYear":1939,"coordinates":[19.1451,52.2297],"locations":["Poland"],"countries":["Germany","Poland","Soviet Union"],"polityIds":["third-reich-1939","soviet-union-1938"],"partOf":["world-war-2"],"casualties":200000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland","importance":4},{"name":"Winter War","startYear":1939,"endYear":1940,"coordinates":[26,62],"locations":["Finland","Soviet Union"],"countries":["Finland","Soviet Union"],"polityIds":["soviet-union-1938"],"partOf":[],"casualties":250000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War","importance":3,"id":"winter-war"},{"id":"world-war-2","name":"World War II","startYear":1939,"endYear":1945,"coordinates":[13,52],"locations":["Europe","Asia","Africa","Pacific"],"countries":["Germany","Italy","Japan","United Kingdom","France","Soviet Union","United States","China"],"polityIds":["third-reich-1939","empire-of-japan-1937","british-empire-1939","soviet-union-1938"],"partOf":[],"casualties":85000000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II","importance":5,"casualtyRange":{"low":50000000,"high":85000000,"source":"Wikipedia: Casualties of World War II; Clodfelter","notes":"Includes military and civilian. Soviet ~27M, Chinese ~20M civilian, German ~7M military. High estimates reach 100M with indirect deaths."}},{"id":"battle-britain","name":"Battle of Britain","startYear":1940,"endYear":1940,"coordinates":[-2.2426,51.5074],"locations":["United Kingdom","English Channel"],"countries":["United Kingdom","Germany"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1939","third-reich-1941"],"partOf":["world-war-2"],"casualties":100000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain","importance":4},{"id":"italian-invasion-of-egypt","name":"Italian Invasion of Egypt","startYear":1940,"endYear":1940,"coordinates":[25.2,31.5],"locations":["Sidi Barrani","Sollum"],"countries":["Kingdom of Italy","United Kingdom"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1939"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt","importance":3},{"id":"italian-conquest-of-british-somaliland","name":"Italian conquest of British Somaliland","startYear":1940,"endYear":1940,"coordinates":[44.05,9.55],"locations":["Tug Argan","Berbera"],"countries":["Kingdom of Italy","United Kingdom"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1939"],"partOf":["east-african-campaign-world-war-ii"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland","importance":3},{"id":"changping-campaign-second-sino","name":"Battle of Changping (Second Sino-Japanese War)","startYear":1940,"endYear":1941,"coordinates":[113.85,36.7],"locations":["Changping","Shanxi"],"countries":["Republic of China","Japan"],"polityIds":["empire-of-japan-1937"],"partOf":[],"casualties":150000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War","importance":2},{"id":"east-african-campaign-world-war-ii","name":"East African Campaign (World War II)","startYear":1940,"endYear":1941,"coordinates":[39.5,9.5],"locations":["Kassala","Keren","Amba Alagi","Addis Ababa","Gondar"],"countries":["Kingdom of Italy","United Kingdom","Ethiopian Empire","Free France","South Africa"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1939","ethiopian-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)","importance":5},{"id":"french-thai-war","name":"French–Thai War","startYear":1940,"endYear":1941,"coordinates":[104,13],"locations":["Cambodia","Laos","Koh Chang"],"countries":["Thailand","Vichy France"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French%E2%80%93Thai_War","importance":3},{"id":"gideon-force-gojjam-campaign","name":"Gideon Force / Gojjam campaign","startYear":1940,"endYear":1941,"coordinates":[37.3,11],"locations":["Gojjam","Debre Markos","Addis Ababa"],"countries":["United Kingdom","Ethiopian Empire","Sudan","Kingdom of Italy"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1939","ethiopian-empire"],"partOf":["east-african-campaign-world-war-ii"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Force","importance":3},{"id":"hundred-regiments-offensive","name":"Hundred Regiments Offensive","startYear":1940,"endYear":1941,"coordinates":[114.31,36],"locations":["North China","Hebei","Shanxi"],"countries":["Communist forces","Japan"],"polityIds":["empire-of-japan-1937"],"partOf":["second-sino-japanese-war"],"casualties":400000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive","importance":3},{"id":"operation-compass","name":"Operation Compass","startYear":1940,"endYear":1941,"coordinates":[22,31.5],"locations":["Sidi Barrani","Bardia","Tobruk","Beda Fomm"],"countries":["United Kingdom","Kingdom of Italy"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1939"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Compass","importance":3},{"id":"north-africa-campaign","name":"North Africa Campaign","startYear":1940,"endYear":1943,"coordinates":[14.6349,35.1264],"locations":["North Africa","Libya","Egypt"],"countries":["Germany","Italy","United Kingdom"],"polityIds":["third-reich-1941","british-empire-1939"],"partOf":["world-war-2"],"casualties":200000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa_campaign","importance":3},{"name":"North African Campaign","startYear":1940,"endYear":1943,"coordinates":[20,30],"locations":["North Africa"],"countries":["United Kingdom","Nazi Germany","Italy"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1939","third-reich-1941"],"partOf":[],"casualties":500000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_campaign","importance":3,"id":"north-african-campaign"},{"id":"western-desert-campaign","name":"Western Desert Campaign","startYear":1940,"endYear":1943,"coordinates":[25,31],"locations":["Libya","Egypt","Tobruk","El Alamein"],"countries":["United Kingdom","Kingdom of Italy","Nazi Germany"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1939","third-reich-1941"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign","importance":4},{"id":"pearl-harbor-attack","name":"Attack on Pearl Harbor","startYear":1941,"endYear":1941,"coordinates":[-157.9225,21.3099],"locations":["Hawaii","United States"],"countries":["Japan","United States"],"polityIds":["empire-of-japan-1937"],"partOf":["world-war-2"],"casualties":3600,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-amba-alagi-1941","name":"Battle of Amba Alagi (1941)","startYear":1941,"endYear":1941,"coordinates":[39.55,12.92],"locations":["Amba Alagi"],"countries":["United Kingdom","South Africa","Ethiopian Empire","Kingdom of 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Main CCP-KMT conflict. 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A separate, much larger figure — 700K–800K Palestinians displaced — is sometimes folded into the casualty total in popular sources, but historians keep deaths and displacement as separate ledgers. See `description` for the displacement figure."},"partOf":[]},{"id":"rohingya-conflict","name":"Rohingya conflict","startYear":1948,"endYear":null,"coordinates":[92.85,20.85],"locations":["Rakhine State","Arakan"],"countries":["Myanmar","Rohingya Solidarity Organisation","ARSA"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict","importance":4},{"id":"arab-israeli-war-1948","name":"1948 Arab-Israeli War","startYear":1948,"endYear":1949,"coordinates":[35.1264,31.9454],"locations":["Palestine","Israel"],"countries":["Israel","Arab League","Egypt","Jordan","Syria"],"partOf":[],"casualties":10000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War","importance":4},{"name":"Berlin Blockade","startYear":1948,"endYear":1949,"coordinates":[13.4,52.5],"locations":["Berlin"],"countries":["Soviet Union","Western allies"],"polityIds":["soviet-union-1960"],"partOf":[],"casualties":100,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_blockade","importance":3,"id":"berlin-blockade"},{"id":"operation-kraai","name":"Operation Kraai","startYear":1948,"endYear":1949,"coordinates":[110.36,-7.8],"locations":["Yogyakarta","Java"],"countries":["Netherlands","Republic of Indonesia"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kraai","importance":4},{"id":"la-violencia-colombia","name":"La Violencia (Colombia)","startYear":1948,"endYear":1958,"coordinates":[-74.0721,4.711],"importance":3,"casualties":300000,"countries":["Colombia"],"locations":[],"partOf":[],"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia"},{"name":"Malayan Emergency","startYear":1948,"endYear":1960,"coordinates":[101.5,4.2],"locations":["Malaya"],"countries":["British Malaya","MRLA"],"partOf":[],"casualties":10000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Emergency","importance":2,"id":"malayan-emergency"},{"id":"ecuadorian-civil-conflict","name":"Ecuadorian Conflicts","startYear":1948,"endYear":1979,"coordinates":[-77.8369,-0.9277],"importance":2,"casualties":30000,"countries":["Ecuador"],"locations":[],"partOf":[],"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Ecuador"},{"id":"british-honduras-conflict","name":"British Honduras Tension","startYear":1948,"endYear":1981,"coordinates":[-88.8901,17.2505],"importance":1,"casualties":0,"countries":["British Honduras","Guatemala"],"locations":[],"partOf":[],"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"id":"communist-insurgency-in-burma","name":"Communist insurgency in Burma","startYear":1948,"endYear":1989,"coordinates":[96,22],"locations":["Bago","Pegu","Shan State"],"countries":["Burma","Communist Party of Burma"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Burma","importance":3},{"id":"south-africa-apartheid-conflicts","name":"South African Apartheid Conflicts","startYear":1948,"endYear":1994,"coordinates":[24,-29],"locations":["South Africa","Southern Africa"],"countries":["South Africa"],"partOf":[],"casualties":70000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid","importance":5,"casualtyRange":{"low":50000,"high":100000,"source":"UN estimates; 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Civilian vs. combatant distinction unclear in many deaths."}},{"name":"Hungarian Revolution of 1956","startYear":1956,"endYear":1956,"coordinates":[19,47.5],"locations":["Hungary"],"countries":["Hungary","Soviet Union"],"polityIds":["soviet-union-1960"],"partOf":[],"casualties":2500,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956","importance":3,"id":"hungarian-revolution-of-1956"},{"id":"suez-crisis","name":"Suez Crisis","startYear":1956,"endYear":1956,"coordinates":[32.3455,31.2956],"locations":["Egypt","Suez Canal"],"countries":["Egypt","Israel","United Kingdom","France"],"partOf":[],"casualties":3000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis","importance":3},{"id":"cuban-revolution","name":"Cuban 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All figures are estimates and disputed."}},{"id":"nagorno-karabakh-2023","name":"2023 Nagorno-Karabakh War","startYear":2023,"endYear":2023,"coordinates":[46.5,40],"locations":["Nagorno-Karabakh"],"countries":["Armenia","Azerbaijan"],"partOf":[],"casualties":300,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Nagorno-Karabakh_war","importance":2},{"id":"2023-nigerien-coup","name":"2023 Nigerien Coup","startYear":2023,"endYear":2023,"coordinates":[2.12,13.51],"locations":["Niamey"],"countries":["Niger"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Nigerien_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat","importance":3},{"id":"israel-hamas-war-2023","name":"Israel-Hamas War (2023-present)","startYear":2023,"endYear":null,"coordinates":[35.2271,31.9454],"locations":["Gaza","Israel","Palestine"],"countries":["Israel","Hamas","Palestine"],"partOf":[],"casualties":50000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war","importance":3},{"id":"sudan-conflict-2023","name":"Sudan Conflict (2023-present)","startYear":2023,"endYear":null,"coordinates":[30.5018,15.5527],"locations":["Sudan"],"countries":["Sudan"],"partOf":[],"casualties":100000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Sudan_conflict","importance":3},{"id":"war-in-amhara","name":"War in Amhara","startYear":2023,"endYear":null,"coordinates":[38,11.5],"locations":["Gondar","Bahir Dar","Lalibela"],"countries":["Ethiopia","Fano militia"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Amhara","importance":4},{"id":"gaza-war-2023","name":"Gaza War (2023-present)","startYear":2023,"endYear":2024,"coordinates":[34.5,31.5],"locations":["Gaza"],"countries":["Israel","Hamas"],"partOf":[],"casualties":46000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war","importance":4},{"id":"venezuela-guyana-essequibo","name":"Venezuela-Guyana Essequibo Dispute","startYear":2023,"endYear":2024,"coordinates":[-59.5432,4.8604],"importance":1,"casualties":0,"countries":["Venezuela","Guyana"],"locations":[],"partOf":[],"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Venezuela_border_dispute"},{"id":"battle-of-tinzaouaten-2024","name":"Battle of Tinzaouaten (2024)","startYear":2024,"endYear":2024,"coordinates":[2.93,19.93],"locations":["Tinzaouaten"],"countries":["Mali","Wagner Group","CSP-DPA Tuareg coalition","JNIM"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tinzaouaten","importance":3},{"id":"iran-israel-conflict-2024","name":"Iran-Israel Conflict (2024-present)","startYear":2024,"endYear":null,"coordinates":[51.389,35.6892],"locations":["Iran","Israel","Syria","Lebanon"],"countries":["Iran","Israel","Hezbollah","United States"],"partOf":[],"casualties":5000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_(2024%E2%80%93present)","importance":4},{"id":"second-lebanon-war-2024","name":"Israel-Lebanon War (2024)","startYear":2024,"endYear":2024,"coordinates":[35.5,33.85],"locations":["Lebanon","Israel"],"countries":["Israel","Hezbollah","Lebanon"],"partOf":[],"casualties":4000,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%932024)","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-ndondakusuka","name":"Battle of Ndondakusuka","startYear":1856,"endYear":1856,"coordinates":[31.4,-29.2],"locations":["Tugela River mouth","Zululand"],"countries":["uSuthu faction (Cetshwayo)","iziGqoza faction (Mbuyazi)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":5000,"high":20000,"source":"Traditional/colonial estimates","notes":"Figures for the battle and the ensuing massacre of Mbuyazi's followers are traditional and unverified; 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British losses ~76 killed."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Abu_Klea","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-ferkeh","name":"Battle of Ferkeh","startYear":1896,"endYear":1896,"coordinates":[30.85,20.3],"locations":["Ferkeh","northern Sudan"],"countries":["Anglo-Egyptian forces","Mahdist Sudan"],"partOf":["mahdist-war"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":800,"high":1000,"source":"British accounts","notes":"Roughly 800-1,000 Mahdists killed; Anglo-Egyptian losses very light."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ferkeh","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-adibo","name":"Battle of Adibo","startYear":1896,"endYear":1896,"coordinates":[-0.01,9.45],"locations":["Adibo","near Yendi","Dagbon"],"countries":["German Empire","Kingdom of Dagbon"],"polityIds":["german-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adibo","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-segale","name":"Battle of Segale","startYear":1916,"endYear":1916,"coordinates":[38.6,9.3],"locations":["Segale","near Addis Ababa","Ethiopia"],"countries":["Zewditu / Tafari faction","Lij Iyasu / Negus Mikael faction"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Segale","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-maungwe","name":"Battle of Maungwe","startYear":1684,"endYear":1684,"coordinates":[32.2,-18.5],"locations":["Maungwe","northeastern Zimbabwe"],"countries":["Rozvi (Changamire Dombo)","Portuguese Empire and allies"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changamire_Dombo","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-tabkin-kwatto","name":"Battle of Tabkin Kwatto","startYear":1804,"endYear":1804,"coordinates":[5.3,12.9],"locations":["Tabkin Kwatto","Gobir","Nigeria"],"countries":["Sokoto jihadists (Usman dan Fodio)","Kingdom of Gobir"],"partOf":["sokoto-jihad-of-usman-dan-fodio"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabkin_Kwatto","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-tsuntua","name":"Battle of Tsuntua","startYear":1804,"endYear":1804,"coordinates":[5.6,13],"locations":["Tsuntua","Gobir","Nigeria"],"countries":["Kingdom of Gobir (Yunfa)","Sokoto jihadists (Usman dan Fodio)"],"partOf":["sokoto-jihad-of-usman-dan-fodio"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":2000,"high":3000,"source":"Traditional jihad chronicles","notes":"Jihadist dead estimated at 2,000-3,000, including about 200 Hafiz; from traditional accounts, not firm counts."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tsuntua","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-gawakuke","name":"Battle of Gawakuke","startYear":1836,"endYear":1836,"coordinates":[6.5,13.1],"locations":["Gawakuke","near Sokoto","Nigeria"],"countries":["Sokoto Caliphate (Muhammad Bello)","Kingdom of Gobir and allies"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gawakuke","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-tondibi","name":"Battle of Tondibi","startYear":1591,"endYear":1591,"coordinates":[-0.05,16.5],"locations":["Tondibi","near Gao","Mali"],"countries":["Saadi Sultanate of Morocco","Songhai Empire"],"polityIds":["africa-songhai-empire"],"partOf":["saadian-invasion-of-songhai"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi","importance":4},{"id":"rabih-az-zubayr-s-conquest-of-bornu","name":"Rabih az-Zubayr's Conquest of Bornu","startYear":1893,"endYear":1893,"coordinates":[13.7,11.8],"locations":["Kukawa","Dikwa","Bornu"],"countries":["Rabih az-Zubayr's forces","Kanem-Bornu Empire"],"polityIds":["africa-kanem-bornu-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabih_az-Zubayr","importance":3},{"id":"funj-conquest-of-soba","name":"Funj Conquest of Soba","startYear":1504,"endYear":1504,"coordinates":[32.7,15.4],"locations":["Soba","Gezira","Sudan"],"countries":["Funj Sultanate (Amara Dunqas)","Kingdom of Alodia (Alwa)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funj_Sultanate","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-amoaful","name":"Battle of Amoaful","startYear":1874,"endYear":1874,"coordinates":[-1.55,6.55],"locations":["Amoaful","Ashanti Empire","Gold Coast"],"countries":["United Kingdom","Ashanti Empire"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1858","africa-asante-empire"],"partOf":["sagrenti-war-third-anglo-ashanti-war"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":150,"high":800,"source":"British accounts","notes":"Ashanti losses estimated in the hundreds; British losses light. Figures uncertain."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amoaful","importance":2},{"id":"al-kanemi-s-defence-of-bornu","name":"Al-Kanemi's Defence of Bornu","startYear":1808,"endYear":1812,"coordinates":[13.5,12.5],"locations":["Ngazargamu","Kanem-Bornu"],"countries":["Bornu Empire (al-Kanemi)","Sokoto jihadists"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Amin_al-Kanemi","importance":3},{"id":"merina-conquest-of-betsileo","name":"Merina Conquest of Betsileo","startYear":1810,"endYear":1830,"coordinates":[47.08,-21.45],"locations":["Betsileo highlands","Fianarantsoa region","Madagascar"],"countries":["Kingdom of Imerina","Betsileo kingdoms"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsileo_people","importance":2},{"id":"soshangane-s-conquest-of-gaza","name":"Soshangane's Conquest of Gaza","startYear":1828,"endYear":1838,"coordinates":[33.5,-23.5],"locations":["southern Mozambique","Limpopo valley"],"countries":["Gaza Nguni (Soshangane)","Tsonga and Tonga chiefdoms"],"partOf":["mfecane"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Empire","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-otumba","name":"Battle of Otumba","startYear":1520,"endYear":1520,"coordinates":[-98.7558,19.6989],"locations":["Otumba","Valley of Mexico"],"countries":["Spanish Empire and Tlaxcalan allies","Aztec Empire"],"polityIds":["aztec-empire"],"partOf":["spanish-conquest-aztec-empire"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Otumba","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-cajamarca","name":"Battle of Cajamarca","startYear":1532,"endYear":1532,"coordinates":[-78.5097,-7.1639],"locations":["Cajamarca"],"countries":["Spanish Empire","Inca Empire"],"polityIds":["spanish-americas","americas-inca-tawantinsuyu"],"partOf":["spanish-conquest-inca-empire"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":2000,"high":7000,"source":"Modern estimates of Inca dead/attendants (e.g. Hemming, The Conquest of the Incas)","notes":"Spanish suffered essentially no fatalities; Inca dead were mostly unarmed retainers ambushed in the plaza."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca","importance":5},{"id":"siege-of-cusco","name":"Siege of Cusco","startYear":1536,"endYear":1537,"coordinates":[-71.9675,-13.5319],"locations":["Cusco","Sacsayhuaman"],"countries":["Neo-Inca State (Manco Inca)","Spanish Empire"],"polityIds":["spanish-americas"],"partOf":["spanish-conquest-inca-empire"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco","importance":4},{"id":"spanish-conquest-of-vilcabamba","name":"Spanish conquest of Vilcabamba","startYear":1537,"endYear":1572,"coordinates":[-72.9333,-13.1167],"locations":["Vilcabamba","Cusco region"],"countries":["Neo-Inca State","Spanish Empire"],"polityIds":["spanish-americas"],"partOf":["spanish-conquest-inca-empire"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Inca_State","importance":3},{"id":"spanish-conquest-of-chiapas","name":"Spanish conquest of Chiapas","startYear":1523,"endYear":1695,"coordinates":[-92.6376,16.737],"locations":["Chiapas","Lacandon"],"countries":["Spanish Empire","Maya polities (Tzotzil, Tzeltal, Lacandon)"],"polityIds":["spanish-americas"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas","importance":3},{"id":"conquest-of-the-itza-tayasal","name":"Conquest of the Itza (Tayasal)","startYear":1697,"endYear":1697,"coordinates":[-89.8911,16.9244],"locations":["Tayasal","Lake Peten Itza"],"countries":["Spanish Empire","Itza Maya"],"polityIds":["spanish-americas"],"partOf":["Spanish conquest of Peten"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n","importance":3},{"id":"cocom-xiu-rivalry-maya","name":"Cocom-Xiu rivalry (Maya)","startYear":1441,"endYear":1461,"coordinates":[-89.4592,20.6286],"locations":["Mayapan","Yucatan"],"countries":["Cocom dynasty","Xiu dynasty"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayapan","importance":2},{"id":"yaqui-wars","name":"Yaqui Wars","startYear":1533,"endYear":1929,"coordinates":[-110.3,27.6],"locations":["Rio Yaqui Valley","Sonora"],"countries":["Spanish Empire and Mexico","Yaqui"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqui_Wars","importance":3},{"id":"spanish-conquest-of-honduras","name":"Spanish conquest of Honduras","startYear":1524,"endYear":1539,"coordinates":[-87.9167,14.1],"locations":["Honduras","Naco","Comayagua"],"countries":["Spanish Empire","Lenca and Maya peoples"],"polityIds":["spanish-americas"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras","importance":3},{"id":"tiguex-war","name":"Tiguex War","startYear":1540,"endYear":1541,"coordinates":[-106.65,35.25],"locations":["Tiguex Province","Rio Grande","New Mexico"],"countries":["Spanish Empire (Coronado expedition)","Tiwa Pueblos"],"partOf":["Coronado expedition"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiguex_War","importance":2},{"id":"acoma-massacre","name":"Acoma Massacre","startYear":1599,"endYear":1599,"coordinates":[-107.5811,34.8967],"locations":["Acoma Pueblo","New Mexico"],"countries":["Spanish Empire (Onate)","Acoma Pueblo"],"partOf":["Spanish colonization of New Mexico"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":600,"high":800,"source":"Standard accounts (e.g. Knaut, The Pueblo Revolt of 1680)","notes":"Roughly 500 Acoma men and 300 women and children reported killed over the three-day assault; figures from Spanish records."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoma_Massacre","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-fallen-timbers","name":"Battle of Fallen Timbers","startYear":1794,"endYear":1794,"coordinates":[-83.69,41.547],"locations":["Maumee","Ohio"],"countries":["United States","Northwestern Confederacy"],"polityIds":["americas-united-states-1790"],"partOf":["northwest-indian-war"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":60,"high":240,"source":"Wikipedia: Battle of Fallen Timbers","notes":"U.S. lost roughly 30-40 killed; Native losses harder to determine, commonly estimated near 40-200."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-tippecanoe","name":"Battle of Tippecanoe","startYear":1811,"endYear":1811,"coordinates":[-86.955,40.5061],"locations":["Battle Ground","Indiana"],"countries":["United States","Tecumseh's Confederacy"],"polityIds":["americas-united-states-1804"],"partOf":["americas-tecumseh-war-1810"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":130,"high":200,"source":"Wikipedia: Battle of Tippecanoe","notes":"U.S. ~62 killed and ~120 wounded; Native losses uncertain, roughly 50 or more."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-the-thames","name":"Battle of the Thames","startYear":1813,"endYear":1813,"coordinates":[-81.8667,42.55],"locations":["Moraviantown","Upper Canada"],"countries":["United States","British Empire and Tecumseh's Confederacy"],"polityIds":["americas-united-states-1804"],"partOf":["war-1812","americas-tecumseh-war-1810"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-the-little-bighorn","name":"Battle of the Little Bighorn","startYear":1876,"endYear":1876,"coordinates":[-107.428,45.57],"locations":["Little Bighorn River","Montana Territory"],"countries":["United States","Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho"],"partOf":["great-sioux-war"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":270,"high":320,"source":"Wikipedia: Battle of the Little Bighorn","notes":"Roughly 268 U.S. soldiers and scouts killed (including Custer's entire immediate command of ~210); Native dead estimated around 30-100."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn","importance":4},{"id":"sand-creek-massacre","name":"Sand Creek Massacre","startYear":1864,"endYear":1864,"coordinates":[-102.5083,38.5475],"locations":["Sand Creek","Colorado Territory"],"countries":["United States","Cheyenne and Arapaho"],"polityIds":["americas-united-states-1860"],"partOf":["colorado-war"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":150,"high":230,"source":"Wikipedia: Sand Creek massacre","notes":"Most victims were women, children, and the elderly; Chivington's claim of 500-600 warriors is discredited."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre","importance":3},{"id":"anglo-powhatan-wars","name":"Anglo-Powhatan Wars","startYear":1610,"endYear":1646,"coordinates":[-76.7794,37.2266],"locations":["Jamestown","Tidewater Virginia"],"countries":["English Virginia colonists","Powhatan Confederacy"],"polityIds":["americas-powhatan-confederacy"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Powhatan_Wars","importance":3},{"id":"fox-wars","name":"Fox Wars","startYear":1712,"endYear":1733,"coordinates":[-88,44],"locations":["Great Lakes","Wisconsin","Illinois Country"],"countries":["Kingdom of France and allied tribes","Meskwaki (Fox)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Wars","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-cintla","name":"Battle of Cintla","startYear":1519,"endYear":1519,"coordinates":[-92.7,18.5],"locations":["Cintla","Tabasco"],"countries":["Spanish Empire","Chontal Maya of Potonchan"],"polityIds":["spanish-americas"],"partOf":["spanish-conquest-aztec-empire"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cintla","importance":2},{"id":"snake-war","name":"Snake War","startYear":1864,"endYear":1868,"coordinates":[-118,43],"locations":["Oregon","Idaho","Nevada","California"],"countries":["United States","Northern Paiute, Bannock and Western Shoshone"],"polityIds":["americas-united-states-1860"],"partOf":["american-indian-wars-long-term"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":1700,"high":1800,"source":"Wikipedia: Snake War","notes":"About 1,762 total casualties recorded across both sides, making it among the deadliest western Indian wars by count despite being little remembered."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_War","importance":3},{"id":"colorado-war","name":"Colorado War","startYear":1863,"endYear":1865,"coordinates":[-104,39],"locations":["Colorado Territory","Kansas","Nebraska"],"countries":["United States","Cheyenne, Arapaho, Lakota and Kiowa"],"polityIds":["americas-united-states-1860"],"partOf":["american-indian-wars-long-term"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_War","importance":3},{"id":"red-river-war","name":"Red River War","startYear":1874,"endYear":1875,"coordinates":[-101,35],"locations":["Texas Panhandle","Palo Duro Canyon"],"countries":["United States","Comanche, Kiowa, Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho"],"partOf":["american-indian-wars-long-term","americas-texas-indian-wars-1820"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_War","importance":3},{"id":"harmar-s-defeat","name":"Harmar's Defeat","startYear":1790,"endYear":1790,"coordinates":[-85.1394,41.0793],"locations":["Kekionga","Indiana"],"countries":["United States","Northwestern Confederacy"],"polityIds":["americas-united-states-1790"],"partOf":["northwest-indian-war"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":130,"high":200,"source":"Wikipedia: Harmar's Defeat","notes":"About 129-183 U.S. soldiers and militia killed; Native losses far lighter."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmar_campaign","importance":2},{"id":"st-clair-s-defeat","name":"St. Clair's Defeat","startYear":1791,"endYear":1791,"coordinates":[-84.65,40.33],"locations":["Fort Recovery","Ohio"],"countries":["United States","Northwestern Confederacy"],"polityIds":["americas-united-states-1790"],"partOf":["northwest-indian-war"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":630,"high":950,"source":"Wikipedia: St. Clair's defeat","notes":"About 630-650 U.S. soldiers killed plus dozens of camp followers; the worst U.S. defeat ever inflicted by Native Americans."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair%27s_defeat","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-horseshoe-bend","name":"Battle of Horseshoe Bend","startYear":1814,"endYear":1814,"coordinates":[-85.7367,32.975],"locations":["Tallapoosa River","Alabama"],"countries":["United States and allied Creek/Cherokee","Red Stick Creek"],"partOf":["creek-war","war-1812"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":800,"high":900,"source":"Wikipedia: Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)","notes":"Roughly 800 Red Stick warriors killed; U.S. and allied losses far smaller (~49 killed)."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)","importance":3},{"id":"great-swamp-fight","name":"Great Swamp Fight","startYear":1675,"endYear":1675,"coordinates":[-71.5667,41.45],"locations":["South Kingstown","Rhode Island"],"countries":["New England Confederation","Narragansett"],"partOf":["king-philips-war"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":300,"high":600,"source":"Wikipedia: Great Swamp Fight","notes":"Several hundred Narragansett, many non-combatants, killed when their fort was stormed and burned; colonial losses ~70 killed."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Swamp_Fight","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-washita-river","name":"Battle of Washita River","startYear":1868,"endYear":1868,"coordinates":[-99.7,35.62],"locations":["Washita River","Oklahoma"],"countries":["United States","Southern Cheyenne"],"partOf":["american-indian-wars-long-term","comanche-wars"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River","importance":2},{"id":"bear-river-massacre","name":"Bear River Massacre","startYear":1863,"endYear":1863,"coordinates":[-111.92,42.15],"locations":["Bear River","Idaho"],"countries":["United States","Northwestern Shoshone"],"polityIds":["americas-united-states-1860"],"partOf":["american-indian-wars-long-term"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":250,"high":490,"source":"Wikipedia: Bear River Massacre","notes":"Estimates of Shoshone dead range from about 250 to nearly 500, including many women and children; among the deadliest single massacres of Native Americans in U.S. history."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_River_Massacre","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-qarqar","name":"Battle of Qarqar","startYear":-853,"endYear":-853,"coordinates":[36.5,35.4],"locations":["Qarqar, Orontes River valley, Syria"],"countries":["Neo-Assyrian Empire","Syrian-Levantine coalition of eleven kings"],"polityIds":["assyrian-neo-early"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":14000,"high":25000,"source":"Shalmaneser III's Annals (Kurkh Monolith)","notes":"Assyrian royal inscription claims 14,000 (later versions 25,000) coalition dead; these are propaganda figures and the battle was likely indecisive, as Shalmaneser campaigned in the region repeatedly afterward."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Qarqar","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-ulai","name":"Battle of Ulai","startYear":-653,"endYear":-653,"coordinates":[48.25,32.18],"locations":["Ulai (Karkheh) River, near Susa, Elam (southwestern Iran)"],"countries":["Neo-Assyrian Empire","Elam"],"polityIds":["assyrian-empire-peak"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":0,"high":0,"source":"","notes":"Ancient figures unreliable / no reliable estimate. Known chiefly from Ashurbanipal's palace reliefs (Battle of Til-Tuba) rather than casualty counts."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ulai","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-the-granicus","name":"Battle of the Granicus","startYear":-334,"endYear":-334,"coordinates":[27.28,40.13],"locations":["Granicus (Biga) River, Troad, northwestern Anatolia"],"countries":["Macedonian Empire","Achaemenid Persian Empire"],"polityIds":["macedonian-alexander","achaemenid-persian-empire"],"partOf":["macedonian-conquest-alexander"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":1100,"high":7000,"source":"Arrian; Britannica","notes":"Arrian reports ~100+ Macedonian dead and over 1,000 Persian cavalry slain; later/varying traditions give up to 5,000 Persian dead plus 2,000 captured. Ancient sources diverge widely."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-the-hydaspes","name":"Battle of the Hydaspes","startYear":-326,"endYear":-326,"coordinates":[73.7,32.3],"locations":["Hydaspes (Jhelum) River, Punjab (modern Pakistan)"],"countries":["Macedonian Empire","Pauravas (Kingdom of Porus)"],"polityIds":["macedonian-alexander"],"partOf":["macedonian-conquest-alexander"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":200,"high":23000,"source":"Modern scholarly estimates summarized on Wikipedia","notes":"Macedonian dead estimated 200-1,000; Indian/Pauravan dead placed by most scholars near 20,000 (some figures higher). Ancient sources exaggerate Indian losses."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-chaeronea-338-bc","name":"Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)","startYear":-338,"endYear":-338,"coordinates":[22.85,38.49],"locations":["Chaeronea, Boeotia, central Greece"],"countries":["Macedon","Greek coalition (Athens, Thebes and allies)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":1000,"high":3000,"source":"Ancient sources (Diodorus) summarized on Wikipedia","notes":"Over 1,000 Athenians killed and ~2,000 captured; the Theban Sacred Band was annihilated (254 of 300 fell). Total figures approximate."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chaeronea_(338_BC)","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-mantinea-362-bc","name":"Battle of Mantinea (362 BC)","startYear":-362,"endYear":-362,"coordinates":[22.4,37.62],"locations":["Mantinea, Arcadia, Peloponnese, Greece"],"countries":["Theban-led coalition (Boeotian League and allies)","Spartan-led coalition (Sparta, Athens, Mantinea, Elis)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":600,"high":5000,"source":"Diodorus (ancient) vs. modern estimates","notes":"Diodorus gives c. 1,000 Theban and 4,000 allied dead; modern scholars favour roughly 300-500 per side. The decisive loss was Epaminondas himself."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mantinea_(362_BC)","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-cynoscephalae","name":"Battle of Cynoscephalae","startYear":-197,"endYear":-197,"coordinates":[22.6,39.43],"locations":["Cynoscephalae hills, Thessaly, Greece"],"countries":["Roman Republic and Aetolian League","Antigonid Macedon"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":700,"high":13000,"source":"Polybius/Livy summarized on Wikipedia","notes":"Roman casualties ~700; Macedonians reportedly lost ~8,000 killed and ~5,000 captured. Ancient figures, treated cautiously."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cynoscephalae","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-magnesia","name":"Battle of Magnesia","startYear":-190,"endYear":-190,"coordinates":[27.5,38.62],"locations":["Magnesia ad Sipylum, Lydia (modern Manisa, Turkey)"],"countries":["Roman Republic and Kingdom of Pergamon","Seleucid Empire"],"polityIds":["seleucid-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":15000,"high":50000,"source":"Modern estimates vs. ancient sources","notes":"Modern estimates: ~10,000 Seleucid and ~5,000 Roman-Pergamene dead. Ancient sources claim up to 50,000 Seleucid dead (two thirds of the army)."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Magnesia","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-pydna","name":"Battle of Pydna","startYear":-168,"endYear":-168,"coordinates":[22.58,40.38],"locations":["Plain south of Pydna, Macedonia, Greece"],"countries":["Roman Republic","Antigonid Macedon"],"polityIds":["roman-republic-early"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":100,"high":26000,"source":"Plutarch/Livy summarized on Wikipedia","notes":"Roman losses minimal (~100 killed); Macedonians reportedly lost over 20,000 killed and ~6,000 captured. Ancient figures, treated cautiously."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pydna","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-the-allia","name":"Battle of the Allia","startYear":-387,"endYear":-387,"coordinates":[12.55,42.07],"locations":["Confluence of the Allia brook and Tiber, north of Rome, Italy"],"countries":["Roman Republic","Senones (Gauls)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":0,"high":0,"source":"","notes":"Ancient figures unreliable / no reliable estimate. Accounts written centuries later; Roman tradition dates the battle 390 BC, modern historians often favour 387 BC."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-aquae-sextiae","name":"Battle of Aquae Sextiae","startYear":-102,"endYear":-102,"coordinates":[5.45,43.53],"locations":["Near Aquae Sextiae (Aix-en-Provence), Gallia Narbonensis"],"countries":["Roman Republic","Teutones and Ambrones"],"polityIds":["roman-republic-late"],"partOf":["cimbrian-war"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":0,"high":110000,"source":"Ancient sources summarized on Wikipedia","notes":"Romans claimed ~90,000 killed and ~20,000 captured; the Teutones and Ambrones were effectively destroyed. Figures are Roman claims and almost certainly inflated."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aquae_Sextiae","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-vercellae","name":"Battle of Vercellae","startYear":-101,"endYear":-101,"coordinates":[8.42,45.32],"locations":["Raudine Plain near Vercellae, Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy)"],"countries":["Roman Republic","Cimbri"],"polityIds":["roman-republic-late"],"partOf":["cimbrian-war"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":65000,"high":160000,"source":"Ancient sources summarized on Wikipedia","notes":"Romans claimed 65,000-160,000 Cimbri killed and ~60,000 captured; the Cimbri were virtually annihilated. Figures are ancient claims and likely exaggerated."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vercellae","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-mobei","name":"Battle of Mobei","startYear":-119,"endYear":-119,"coordinates":[105,47],"locations":["North of the Gobi Desert, Mongolian Plateau"],"countries":["Han Dynasty","Xiongnu"],"polityIds":["han-dynasty-china","asia-xiongnu"],"partOf":["han-xiongnu-wars-133"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":19000,"high":90000,"source":"Han records (Shiji/Hanshu) summarized on Wikipedia","notes":"Chinese records claim ~19,000-90,000 Xiongnu killed or captured across the two columns; Han forces suffered heavy losses too. Figures from Han chronicles, treated cautiously."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mobei","importance":4},{"id":"seleucid-mauryan-war","name":"Seleucid-Mauryan War","startYear":-305,"endYear":-303,"coordinates":[71.5,33],"locations":["Indus Valley and the eastern Iranian/Afghan borderlands"],"countries":["Seleucid Empire","Maurya Empire"],"polityIds":["seleucid-empire","asia-maurya"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":0,"high":0,"source":"","notes":"Ancient figures unreliable / no reliable estimate. It is uncertain whether a pitched battle even occurred; sources record only the settlement."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid%E2%80%93Mauryan_War","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-issus","name":"Battle of Issus","startYear":-333,"endYear":-333,"coordinates":[36.18,36.85],"locations":["Plain of Issus near the Pinarus River, Cilicia (modern Turkey)"],"countries":["Macedonian Empire","Achaemenid Persian Empire"],"polityIds":["macedonian-alexander","achaemenid-persian-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":7000,"high":100000,"source":"Ancient sources summarized on Wikipedia","notes":"Macedonian dead estimated low (hundreds to ~7,000 wounded); Persian dead reported by ancient writers as enormous (tens of thousands, some claims up to 100,000). Ancient figures highly exaggerated."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Issus","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-the-eurymedon","name":"Battle of the Eurymedon","startYear":-469,"endYear":-466,"coordinates":[31.18,36.92],"locations":["Mouth of the Eurymedon River, Pamphylia (southern Anatolia)"],"countries":["Delian League (Athens and allies)","Achaemenid Persian Empire"],"polityIds":["achaemenid-persian-empire"],"partOf":["persian-wars-greece"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":0,"high":0,"source":"","notes":"Ancient figures unreliable / no reliable estimate. Exact date (c. 469-466 BC) and casualty totals are uncertain."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eurymedon","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-plataea","name":"Battle of Plataea","startYear":-479,"endYear":-479,"coordinates":[23.27,38.22],"locations":["Plataea, Boeotia, Greece"],"countries":["Greek coalition (Sparta, Athens and allies)","Achaemenid Persian Empire"],"polityIds":["achaemenid-persian-empire"],"partOf":["persian-wars-greece"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":1360,"high":257000,"source":"Herodotus (ancient) summarized on Wikipedia","notes":"Herodotus claims only ~159 Greek and over 250,000 Persian dead; the Persian figure is a gross exaggeration. Modern scholars regard Greek losses as low (perhaps 1,000+) and Persian as heavy but unquantifiable."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plataea","importance":5},{"id":"battle-of-mycale","name":"Battle of Mycale","startYear":-479,"endYear":-479,"coordinates":[27.18,37.68],"locations":["Slopes of Mount Mycale, Ionia (near Samos, western Anatolia)"],"countries":["Greek coalition (Sparta, Athens and allies)","Achaemenid Persian Empire"],"polityIds":["achaemenid-persian-empire"],"partOf":["persian-wars-greece"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":0,"high":0,"source":"","notes":"Ancient figures unreliable / no reliable estimate."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-lake-trasimene","name":"Battle of Lake Trasimene","startYear":-217,"endYear":-217,"coordinates":[12.1,43.25],"locations":["Northern shore of Lake Trasimene, Umbria, Italy"],"countries":["Roman Republic","Carthage"],"polityIds":["roman-republic-early","carthaginian-empire"],"partOf":["second-punic-war"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":15000,"high":30000,"source":"Polybius/Livy summarized on Wikipedia","notes":"Roman dead reported ~15,000 with another ~15,000 captured; Carthaginian losses light (~1,500-2,500). Ancient figures, broadly accepted as a major Roman disaster."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-the-metaurus","name":"Battle of the Metaurus","startYear":-207,"endYear":-207,"coordinates":[12.9,43.78],"locations":["Metaurus (Metauro) River, Umbria/Marche, Italy"],"countries":["Roman Republic","Carthage"],"polityIds":["roman-republic-early","carthaginian-empire"],"partOf":["second-punic-war"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":10000,"high":56000,"source":"Polybius/Livy summarized on Wikipedia","notes":"Carthaginian dead reported ~10,000 (Polybius) up to far higher in Livy; Roman dead ~2,000-8,000. Ancient figures diverge."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Metaurus","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-ilipa","name":"Battle of Ilipa","startYear":-206,"endYear":-206,"coordinates":[-5.98,37.55],"locations":["Ilipa, near modern Alcalá del Río, Hispania Baetica (Spain)"],"countries":["Roman Republic","Carthage"],"polityIds":["roman-republic-early","carthaginian-empire"],"partOf":["second-punic-war"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":0,"high":0,"source":"","notes":"Ancient figures unreliable / no reliable estimate. Carthaginian army destroyed but precise totals uncertain."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ilipa","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-baecula","name":"Battle of Baecula","startYear":-208,"endYear":-208,"coordinates":[-3.78,38.1],"locations":["Baecula, near modern Santo Tomé, Hispania (Spain)"],"countries":["Roman Republic","Carthage"],"polityIds":["roman-republic-early","carthaginian-empire"],"partOf":["second-punic-war"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":0,"high":0,"source":"","notes":"Ancient figures unreliable / no reliable estimate."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baecula","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-the-teutoburg-forest","name":"Battle of the Teutoburg Forest","startYear":9,"endYear":9,"coordinates":[8.13,52.18],"locations":["Teutoburg Forest, near Kalkriese, Lower Saxony, Germania"],"countries":["Roman Empire","Germanic tribal coalition"],"polityIds":["roman-empire-augustus"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":15000,"high":20000,"source":"Modern estimates based on three legions destroyed","notes":"Three full Roman legions (XVII, XVIII, XIX) plus auxiliaries were annihilated, roughly 15,000-20,000 men; ancient sources give no precise total. Germanic losses unknown."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest","importance":5},{"id":"battle-of-watling-street","name":"Battle of Watling Street","startYear":60,"endYear":61,"coordinates":[-1.5,52.5],"locations":["West Midlands, Roman Britain (exact site uncertain, possibly near Watling Street)"],"countries":["Roman Empire","Britonnic coalition (Iceni, Trinovantes and allies)"],"polityIds":["roman-empire-augustus"],"partOf":["roman-conquest-of-britain"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":400,"high":80000,"source":"Tacitus (ancient) summarized on Wikipedia","notes":"Tacitus reports ~400 Roman dead and as many as 80,000 Britons killed; the British figure is almost certainly grossly exaggerated. Site and totals uncertain."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Watling_Street","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-the-catalaunian-plains","name":"Battle of the Catalaunian Plains","startYear":451,"endYear":451,"coordinates":[4.36,48.96],"locations":["Catalaunian Plains, near Châlons-en-Champagne, Gaul (France)"],"countries":["Western Roman Empire and Visigothic-led coalition","Hunnic Empire and allies"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":0,"high":300000,"source":"Ancient sources (Jordanes) summarized on Wikipedia","notes":"Jordanes claims 165,000-300,000 dead; these figures are wildly exaggerated. No reliable total exists."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-edessa","name":"Battle of Edessa","startYear":260,"endYear":260,"coordinates":[38.79,37.16],"locations":["Near Edessa, Osroene (modern Şanlıurfa, Turkey)"],"countries":["Roman Empire","Sasanian Empire"],"polityIds":["roman-empire-late","sassanid-empire"],"partOf":["roman-sasanian-wars"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":0,"high":0,"source":"","notes":"Ancient figures unreliable / no reliable estimate. Notable for the capture of an emperor rather than a casualty count."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edessa","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-jingxing","name":"Battle of Jingxing","startYear":-204,"endYear":-204,"coordinates":[114.05,38.05],"locations":["Jingxing Pass, Zhao territory (modern Hebei, China)"],"countries":["Han (Liu Bang) forces under Han Xin","Kingdom of Zhao"],"partOf":["chu-han-contention"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":0,"high":0,"source":"","notes":"Ancient figures unreliable / no reliable estimate."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jingxing","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-corupedium","name":"Battle of Corupedium","startYear":-281,"endYear":-281,"coordinates":[27.4,38.55],"locations":["Corupedium, plain of Lydia (western Anatolia)"],"countries":["Seleucid Empire (Seleucus I)","Kingdom of Lysimachus"],"partOf":["wars-of-the-diadochi"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":0,"high":0,"source":"","notes":"Ancient figures unreliable / no reliable estimate."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Corupedium","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-mount-gindarus","name":"Battle of Mount Gindarus","startYear":-38,"endYear":-38,"coordinates":[36.69,36.39],"locations":["Gindarus, near Antioch, Roman Syria"],"countries":["Roman Republic","Parthian Empire"],"polityIds":["roman-republic-late","parthian-empire"],"partOf":["parthian-wars-rome"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":0,"high":0,"source":"","notes":"Ancient figures unreliable / no reliable estimate."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Gindarus","importance":3},{"id":"duar-war","name":"Duar War","startYear":1864,"endYear":1865,"coordinates":[91.27,26.86],"locations":["Bengal Duars","Assam Duars","Dewangiri (Deothang)"],"countries":["British India","Bhutan"],"polityIds":["british-india"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duar_War","importance":2},{"id":"revolution-of-ayutla","name":"Revolution of Ayutla","startYear":1854,"endYear":1855,"coordinates":[-99.1,16.91],"locations":["Ayutla, Guerrero","Mexico"],"countries":["Mexican Liberals","Mexican Conservative government (Santa Anna)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_Ayutla","importance":3},{"id":"war-of-the-supremes","name":"War of the Supremes","startYear":1839,"endYear":1842,"coordinates":[-77.28,1.21],"locations":["Pasto","New Granada (Colombia)"],"countries":["New Granada government","Regional rebel jefes supremos"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Supremes","importance":2},{"id":"anglo-persian-war","name":"Anglo-Persian War","startYear":1856,"endYear":1857,"coordinates":[50.84,28.97],"locations":["Bushire","Mohammerah (Khorramshahr)","Khoosh-Ab"],"countries":["United Kingdom (British India)","Qajar Persia"],"polityIds":["asia-qajar-dynasty"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War","importance":2},{"id":"bombardment-of-kagoshima","name":"Bombardment of Kagoshima","startYear":1863,"endYear":1863,"coordinates":[130.56,31.6],"locations":["Kagoshima","Satsuma Domain","Japan"],"countries":["United Kingdom","Satsuma Domain"],"polityIds":["british-empire-1858"],"partOf":[],"casualties":16,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima","importance":2},{"id":"franco-trarzan-war-of-1825","name":"Franco-Trarzan War of 1825","startYear":1825,"endYear":1826,"coordinates":[-15.95,16.5],"locations":["Senegal River valley","Waalo","Emirate of Trarza"],"countries":["France","Emirate of Trarza"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Trarzan_War_of_1825","importance":1},{"id":"ecuadorian-colombian-war-of-1863","name":"Ecuadorian-Colombian War of 1863","startYear":1862,"endYear":1863,"coordinates":[-77.73,0.83],"locations":["Cuaspud","Carchi","Ecuador-Colombia border"],"countries":["Ecuador","United States of Colombia"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Colombian_War","importance":2},{"id":"ragamuffin-war","name":"Ragamuffin War","startYear":1835,"endYear":1845,"coordinates":[-51.23,-30.03],"locations":["Rio Grande do Sul","Santa Catarina","Brazil"],"countries":["Empire of Brazil","Riograndense Republic"],"polityIds":["americas-empire-of-brazil"],"partOf":[],"casualties":3400,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragamuffin_War","importance":3},{"id":"tirah-campaign","name":"Tirah Campaign","startYear":1897,"endYear":1898,"coordinates":[70.9,33.7],"locations":["Tirah","Khyber","North-West Frontier"],"countries":["British India","Afridi and Orakzai tribes"],"polityIds":["british-india"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirah_campaign","importance":2},{"id":"anglo-manipur-war","name":"Anglo-Manipur War","startYear":1891,"endYear":1891,"coordinates":[93.94,24.81],"locations":["Imphal","Manipur"],"countries":["British India","Kingdom of Manipur"],"polityIds":["british-india"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Manipur_War","importance":2},{"id":"sokehs-rebellion","name":"Sokehs Rebellion","startYear":1910,"endYear":1911,"coordinates":[158.21,6.97],"locations":["Sokehs","Pohnpei","German New Guinea (Caroline Islands)"],"countries":["German Empire","Sokehs tribe"],"polityIds":["german-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokehs_rebellion","importance":1},{"id":"battle-of-curupayty","name":"Battle of Curupayty","startYear":1866,"endYear":1866,"coordinates":[-58.13,-27.05],"locations":["Curupayty","Paraguay River","Paraguay"],"countries":["Triple Alliance (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay)","Paraguay"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":4000,"high":9000,"source":"Wikipedia / national reports","notes":"Allied (Brazilian-Argentine) casualties; Brazilian+Argentine official returns ~4,000, broader estimates up to ~9,000 (c.20% of ~20,000 attackers). Paraguayan losses only ~92."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Curupayty","importance":2},{"id":"siege-of-tuyen-quang","name":"Siege of Tuyen Quang","startYear":1884,"endYear":1885,"coordinates":[105.22,21.82],"locations":["Tuyen Quang","Tonkin","Vietnam"],"countries":["France","China (Yunnan Army and Black Flag Army)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tuy%C3%AAn_Quang","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-caseros","name":"Battle of Caseros","startYear":1852,"endYear":1852,"coordinates":[-58.56,-34.6],"locations":["Caseros","near Buenos Aires","Argentina"],"countries":["Grand Army (Urquiza, Brazil, Uruguay)","Argentine Confederation (Rosas)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":1500,"high":2000,"source":"Wikipedia / Britannica","notes":"Roughly 2,000 total casualties, predominantly Rosista forces; allied dead ~400."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caseros","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-pavon","name":"Battle of Pavon","startYear":1861,"endYear":1861,"coordinates":[-60.6,-33.3],"locations":["Pavon","Santa Fe Province","Argentina"],"countries":["State of Buenos Aires (Mitre)","Argentine Confederation (Urquiza)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pav%C3%B3n","importance":2},{"id":"first-battle-of-bud-dajo","name":"First Battle of Bud Dajo","startYear":1906,"endYear":1906,"coordinates":[121.05,6.01],"locations":["Bud Dajo","Jolo","Sulu","Philippines"],"countries":["United States","Moro people (Tausug)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":600,"high":1000,"source":"Wikipedia / contemporary reports","notes":"Moro dead, including women and children; Gen. Wood's estimate ~600, other estimates up to ~1,000. American losses ~18-21 killed."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bud_Dajo","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-camaron","name":"Battle of Camaron","startYear":1863,"endYear":1863,"coordinates":[-96.6,19.01],"locations":["Camaron de Tejeda","Veracruz","Mexico"],"countries":["France (French Foreign Legion)","Mexico"],"polityIds":["americas-mexico-1848"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camar%C3%B3n","importance":2},{"id":"siege-of-tashkent","name":"Siege of Tashkent","startYear":1865,"endYear":1865,"coordinates":[69.24,41.3],"locations":["Tashkent","Central Asia"],"countries":["Russian Empire","Khanate of Kokand"],"polityIds":["russian-empire","asia-khanate-kokand"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tashkent","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-geok-tepe","name":"Battle of Geok Tepe","startYear":1880,"endYear":1881,"coordinates":[57.96,38.16],"locations":["Geok Tepe (Gokdepe)","Akhal-Teke oasis","Turkmenistan"],"countries":["Russian Empire","Teke Turkmen"],"polityIds":["russian-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":6500,"high":14500,"source":"Skobelev report / Wikipedia","notes":"~6,500 Teke buried inside the fortress plus up to ~8,000 killed fleeing; Russian losses ~290 killed, 883 wounded."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Geok_Tepe","importance":3},{"id":"barrios-war-of-reunification","name":"Barrios' War of Reunification","startYear":1885,"endYear":1885,"coordinates":[-89.68,13.99],"locations":["Chalchuapa","El Salvador","Guatemala"],"countries":["Guatemala","El Salvador"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":1000,"high":1200,"source":"Wikipedia / Grokipedia","notes":"Approx. 800 Guatemalan and ~200 Salvadoran killed at the Battle of Chalchuapa, the war's decisive engagement."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios%27_War_of_Reunification","importance":2},{"id":"chilean-civil-war-of-1891","name":"Chilean Civil War of 1891","startYear":1891,"endYear":1891,"coordinates":[-71.45,-32.92],"locations":["Pisagua","Concon","Placilla","Valparaiso","Chile"],"countries":["Congressionalists (Chilean Navy)","Balmacedists (Chilean Army / President Balmaceda)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":5000,"high":10000,"source":"Clodfelter / standard estimates","notes":"Commonly estimated 5,000-10,000 dead in the eight-month war; the battles of Concon and Placilla were especially bloody."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Civil_War_of_1891","importance":3},{"id":"british-expedition-to-tibet","name":"British Expedition to Tibet","startYear":1903,"endYear":1904,"coordinates":[89.64,28.92],"locations":["Gyantse","Lhasa","Chumik Shenko","Tibet"],"countries":["British India","Tibet (Ganden Phodrang)"],"polityIds":["british-india"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":2000,"high":3000,"source":"Wikipedia","notes":"Estimated 2,000-3,000 Tibetan dead over the campaign; British combat losses ~34 (5 officers, 29 Indian soldiers)."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet","importance":3},{"id":"cretan-revolt-of-1866-1869","name":"Cretan revolt of 1866-1869","startYear":1866,"endYear":1869,"coordinates":[24.63,35.31],"locations":["Crete","Arkadi Monastery","Rethymno"],"countries":["Ottoman Empire","Cretan Greek insurgents"],"polityIds":["ottoman-late"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)","importance":2},{"id":"gran-colombia-peru-war","name":"Gran Colombia-Peru War","startYear":1828,"endYear":1829,"coordinates":[-79.02,-3.1],"locations":["Tarqui","Cuenca","Guayaquil","Ecuador-Peru border"],"countries":["Gran Colombia","Peru"],"polityIds":["americas-gran-colombia"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-cerignola","name":"Battle of Cerignola","startYear":1503,"endYear":1503,"coordinates":[15.8967,41.2647],"locations":["Cerignola","Apulia","Kingdom of Naples"],"countries":["Spain","France"],"polityIds":["spanish-americas","kingdom-of-france"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":3000,"high":4000,"source":"Wikipedia / Mallett & Shaw, The Italian Wars","notes":"French losses ~3,000+ killed; Spanish casualties barely a few hundred. Total ~3,000-4,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cerignola","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-marignano","name":"Battle of Marignano","startYear":1515,"endYear":1515,"coordinates":[9.3236,45.3589],"locations":["Melegnano (Marignano)","Duchy of Milan"],"countries":["France","Old Swiss Confederacy"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-france"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":11000,"high":22000,"source":"Wikipedia / Historyofwar.org","notes":"Estimates range: Swiss ~6,000-14,000 dead, French ~5,000-8,000. Combined dead roughly 11,000-22,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marignano","importance":3},{"id":"siege-of-szigetvar","name":"Siege of Szigetvar","startYear":1566,"endYear":1566,"coordinates":[17.8053,46.0486],"locations":["Szigetvar","Kingdom of Hungary"],"countries":["Ottoman Empire","Habsburg Monarchy"],"polityIds":["ottoman-mid"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":20000,"high":30000,"source":"Wikipedia / Clodfelter","notes":"Garrison of ~2,300 nearly annihilated; Ottoman losses heavy (estimates up to 20,000-25,000). Combined often cited 20,000-30,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Szigetv%C3%A1r","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-preveza","name":"Battle of Preveza","startYear":1538,"endYear":1538,"coordinates":[20.75,38.95],"locations":["Preveza","Ionian Sea","Gulf of Arta"],"countries":["Ottoman Empire","Holy League"],"polityIds":["ottoman-mid"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-gembloux-1578","name":"Battle of Gembloux (1578)","startYear":1578,"endYear":1578,"coordinates":[4.6917,50.5611],"locations":["Gembloux","near Namur","Spanish Netherlands"],"countries":["Spanish Empire","Dutch rebels"],"polityIds":["spanish-americas"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":6000,"high":8000,"source":"Wikipedia","notes":"Rebel losses exceeded 6,000 killed plus thousands captured; Spanish losses minimal (~a dozen)."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-white-mountain","name":"Battle of White Mountain","startYear":1620,"endYear":1620,"coordinates":[14.3206,50.0853],"locations":["White Mountain (Bila Hora)","near Prague","Bohemia"],"countries":["Holy Roman Empire (Catholic League)","Bohemian Confederates"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":2000,"high":5000,"source":"Wikipedia / Wilson, Europe's Tragedy","notes":"Bohemian/Protestant losses ~4,000; Catholic ~700-800. Total dead commonly given 2,000-5,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-breitenfeld-1631","name":"Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)","startYear":1631,"endYear":1631,"coordinates":[12.3833,51.4],"locations":["Breitenfeld","near Leipzig","Saxony"],"countries":["Sweden","Holy Roman Empire (Catholic League)"],"polityIds":["swedish-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":8000,"high":13000,"source":"Wikipedia / Wilson, Europe's Tragedy","notes":"Imperial losses ~7,000 dead plus ~6,000 captured; Swedish ~2,100, Saxon ~3,000. Combined casualties ~8,000-13,000+."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-lutzen-1632","name":"Battle of Lutzen (1632)","startYear":1632,"endYear":1632,"coordinates":[12.1389,51.2533],"locations":["Lutzen","Saxony"],"countries":["Sweden","Holy Roman Empire"],"polityIds":["swedish-empire","holy-roman-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":6000,"high":10000,"source":"Wikipedia / Wilson, Europe's Tragedy","notes":"Estimates vary widely: each side ~5,000-6,000, some sources to ~10,000 per side. King Gustavus Adolphus was killed."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-nordlingen-1634","name":"Battle of Nordlingen (1634)","startYear":1634,"endYear":1634,"coordinates":[10.4878,48.8514],"locations":["Nordlingen","Swabia"],"countries":["Holy Roman Empire","Sweden"],"polityIds":["holy-roman-empire","swedish-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":12000,"high":17500,"source":"Wikipedia / Wilson, Europe's Tragedy","notes":"Swedish-German losses ~12,000-14,000 (incl. ~4,000 prisoners); Imperial-Spanish ~1,200-3,500. Combined ~12,000-17,500."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-rocroi","name":"Battle of Rocroi","startYear":1643,"endYear":1643,"coordinates":[4.5219,49.9242],"locations":["Rocroi","Ardennes","France"],"countries":["France","Spain"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-france","spanish-americas"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":15000,"high":20000,"source":"Wikipedia / Clodfelter","notes":"Spanish ~15,000 casualties (≈8,000 killed, 7,000 captured); French ~4,000-5,000. Combined ~19,000-20,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-marston-moor","name":"Battle of Marston Moor","startYear":1644,"endYear":1644,"coordinates":[-1.27,53.9667],"locations":["Marston Moor","near York","Yorkshire"],"countries":["Parliamentarians and Scottish Covenanters","Royalists"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":4000,"high":6000,"source":"Wikipedia / Clodfelter","notes":"Royalist ~4,000 killed plus ~1,500 captured; Parliamentarian-Scots ~300-1,500 killed. Combined dead roughly 4,000-6,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marston_Moor","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-naseby","name":"Battle of Naseby","startYear":1645,"endYear":1645,"coordinates":[-0.9933,52.3961],"locations":["Naseby","Northamptonshire"],"countries":["Parliamentarians (New Model Army)","Royalists"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":1000,"high":6000,"source":"Wikipedia","notes":"Royalist ~1,000 killed and ~5,000 captured; Parliamentarian losses ~400. Killed figure ~1,000-1,500, total Royalist casualties ~6,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Naseby","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-nagashino","name":"Battle of Nagashino","startYear":1575,"endYear":1575,"coordinates":[137.5611,34.9244],"locations":["Nagashino","Shitaragahara","Mikawa Province"],"countries":["Oda-Tokugawa alliance","Takeda clan"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":3000,"high":10000,"source":"Wikipedia","notes":"Takeda dead variously estimated from ~3,000 up to ~10,000 (latter likely exaggerated); Oda-Tokugawa losses comparatively light."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nagashino","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-sekigahara","name":"Battle of Sekigahara","startYear":1600,"endYear":1600,"coordinates":[136.4631,35.3711],"locations":["Sekigahara","Mino Province"],"countries":["Eastern Army (Tokugawa)","Western Army (Ishida)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":8000,"high":32000,"source":"Wikipedia / Clodfelter","notes":"Western Army losses commonly cited ~8,000 killed; some accounts give far higher totals (up to ~30,000+) including the rout. Highly uncertain."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara","importance":5},{"id":"battle-of-khanwa","name":"Battle of Khanwa","startYear":1527,"endYear":1527,"coordinates":[77.2667,26.9333],"locations":["Khanwa","near Fatehpur Sikri","Rajasthan"],"countries":["Mughal Empire","Kingdom of Mewar (Rajput Confederacy)"],"polityIds":["mughal-early"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-haldighati","name":"Battle of Haldighati","startYear":1576,"endYear":1576,"coordinates":[73.6989,24.9333],"locations":["Haldighati pass","Mewar","Rajasthan"],"countries":["Mughal Empire","Kingdom of Mewar"],"polityIds":["asia-mughal-akbar"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-sinhagad","name":"Battle of Sinhagad","startYear":1670,"endYear":1670,"coordinates":[73.7556,18.3664],"locations":["Sinhagad (Kondhana) Fort","near Pune","Maharashtra"],"countries":["Maratha Empire","Mughal Empire"],"polityIds":["asia-mughal-aurangzeb"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":300,"high":400,"source":"Wikipedia","notes":"~300 Mughal and ~50 Maratha killed; Maratha commander Tanaji Malusare slain. Small-scale night assault."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sinhagad","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-poltava","name":"Battle of Poltava","startYear":1709,"endYear":1709,"coordinates":[34.5406,49.5936],"locations":["Poltava","Cossack Hetmanate","Ukraine"],"countries":["Russia","Sweden"],"polityIds":["russian-empire","swedish-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":8000,"high":12000,"source":"Wikipedia / Clodfelter","notes":"Swedish ~6,900-9,200 killed/wounded plus ~2,800 captured; Russian ~1,300 killed and ~3,300 wounded. Combined casualties commonly ~8,000-12,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava","importance":5},{"id":"battle-of-narva-1700","name":"Battle of Narva (1700)","startYear":1700,"endYear":1700,"coordinates":[28.1958,59.3781],"locations":["Narva","Swedish Estonia"],"countries":["Sweden","Russia"],"polityIds":["swedish-empire","russian-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":9000,"high":18000,"source":"Wikipedia / Clodfelter","notes":"Russian losses heavy: ~9,000-18,000 killed, wounded or captured; Swedish ~600-2,000. Estimates vary."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-blenheim","name":"Battle of Blenheim","startYear":1704,"endYear":1704,"coordinates":[10.62,48.6325],"locations":["Blenheim (Blindheim)","Bavaria"],"countries":["Grand Alliance","France and Bavaria"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":30000,"high":38000,"source":"Wikipedia / Clodfelter","notes":"Franco-Bavarian ~20,000+ casualties plus ~14,000 captured; Allied ~12,000 killed/wounded. Combined ~30,000-38,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blenheim","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-ramillies","name":"Battle of Ramillies","startYear":1706,"endYear":1706,"coordinates":[4.9167,50.6333],"locations":["Ramillies","Spanish Netherlands"],"countries":["Grand Alliance","France"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-france"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":12000,"high":16000,"source":"Wikipedia / Clodfelter","notes":"French ~12,000-13,000 casualties (incl. many captured); Allied ~3,600. Combined ~15,000-16,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ramillies","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-oudenarde","name":"Battle of Oudenarde","startYear":1708,"endYear":1708,"coordinates":[3.6,50.85],"locations":["Oudenarde","Spanish Netherlands"],"countries":["Grand Alliance","France"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-france"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":9000,"high":15000,"source":"Wikipedia / Clodfelter","notes":"French ~6,000-8,000 casualties plus ~9,000 captured; Allied ~3,000. Combined battlefield casualties commonly ~9,000-15,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oudenarde","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-malplaquet","name":"Battle of Malplaquet","startYear":1709,"endYear":1709,"coordinates":[3.9167,50.3167],"locations":["Malplaquet","near Mons","Spanish Netherlands"],"countries":["Grand Alliance","France"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-france"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":30000,"high":36000,"source":"Wikipedia / Clodfelter","notes":"Allied ~21,000-25,000 killed/wounded; French ~11,000-12,000. Combined ~32,000-36,000; bloodiest battle of the 18th century."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malplaquet","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-mollwitz","name":"Battle of Mollwitz","startYear":1741,"endYear":1741,"coordinates":[17.3803,50.8478],"locations":["Mollwitz (Malujowice)","Silesia"],"countries":["Prussia","Austria"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-prussia-1715"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":6000,"high":7500,"source":"Wikipedia","notes":"Prussian ~3,000 and Austrian ~4,000 killed or wounded. Combined ~7,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mollwitz","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-fontenoy","name":"Battle of Fontenoy","startYear":1745,"endYear":1745,"coordinates":[3.4667,50.5667],"locations":["Fontenoy","near Tournai","Austrian Netherlands"],"countries":["France","Pragmatic Allies"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-france"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":14000,"high":20000,"source":"Wikipedia / Clodfelter","notes":"French ~7,000-8,000 killed/wounded; Pragmatic Allies ~10,000-12,000 (incl. prisoners). Combined ~14,000-20,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-keresztes","name":"Battle of Keresztes","startYear":1596,"endYear":1596,"coordinates":[20.7333,47.8],"locations":["Mezokeresztes","Kingdom of Hungary"],"countries":["Ottoman Empire","Habsburg Monarchy"],"polityIds":["ottoman-peak"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":20000,"high":30000,"source":"Wikipedia / Finkel, Osman's Dream","notes":"Christian losses heavy after a near-victory collapsed into rout; combined dead frequently estimated 20,000-30,000. Figures uncertain."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Keresztes","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-jankau","name":"Battle of Jankau","startYear":1645,"endYear":1645,"coordinates":[14.7,49.65],"locations":["Jankau (Jankov)","Bohemia"],"countries":["Sweden","Holy Roman Empire"],"polityIds":["swedish-empire","holy-roman-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":6000,"high":10000,"source":"Wikipedia / Wilson, Europe's Tragedy","notes":"Imperial army largely destroyed: ~4,000 killed and ~4,500 captured; Swedish losses lighter. Combined casualties ~6,000-10,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jankau","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-the-dunes-1658","name":"Battle of the Dunes (1658)","startYear":1658,"endYear":1658,"coordinates":[2.4,51.0167],"locations":["near Dunkirk","Spanish Netherlands"],"countries":["France and Commonwealth of England","Spain"],"polityIds":["spanish-americas"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":4000,"high":6000,"source":"Wikipedia","notes":"Spanish ~4,000 casualties (many captured); Franco-English ~400-1,000. Combined ~4,000-6,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dunes_(1658)","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-wittstock","name":"Battle of Wittstock","startYear":1636,"endYear":1636,"coordinates":[12.4833,53.1667],"locations":["Wittstock","Brandenburg"],"countries":["Sweden","Holy Roman Empire and Saxony"],"polityIds":["swedish-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":7000,"high":10000,"source":"Wikipedia / Britannica","notes":"Total casualties ~7,000-10,000, predominantly among the Imperial-Saxon army."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wittstock","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-muye","name":"Battle of Muye","startYear":-1046,"endYear":-1046,"coordinates":[114,35.6],"locations":["Muye","near Yin (Shang capital)","Henan"],"countries":["Zhou","Shang dynasty"],"polityIds":["asia-zhou-dynasty","asia-shang-dynasty"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Muye","importance":5},{"id":"battle-of-kunyang","name":"Battle of Kunyang","startYear":23,"endYear":23,"coordinates":[113.3,33.7],"locations":["Kunyang","modern Yexian","Henan"],"countries":["Lulin (Han restorationists)","Xin dynasty"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kunyang","importance":3},{"id":"goguryeowei-war","name":"Goguryeo–Wei War","startYear":244,"endYear":245,"coordinates":[126.7,41.1],"locations":["Hwando (Goguryeo capital)","Ji'an region","northern Korea/Manchuria"],"countries":["Cao Wei","Goguryeo"],"polityIds":["asia-three-kingdoms","goguryeo-kingdom"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Wei_War","importance":2},{"id":"goguryeoyan-wars","name":"Goguryeo–Yan 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Jiande)"],"polityIds":["tang-dynasty"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hulao","importance":4},{"id":"conquest-of-the-western-turks","name":"Conquest of the Western Turks","startYear":655,"endYear":657,"coordinates":[80,45],"locations":["Irtysh River region","Dzungaria","modern Xinjiang/Kazakhstan"],"countries":["Tang dynasty","Western Turkic Khaganate"],"polityIds":["tang-dynasty"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks","importance":3},{"id":"tibetan-capture-of-chang-an","name":"Tibetan capture of Chang'an","startYear":763,"endYear":763,"coordinates":[108.9,34.3],"locations":["Chang'an","modern Xi'an","Shaanxi"],"countries":["Tibetan Empire","Tang dynasty"],"polityIds":["tibetan-empire","tang-dynasty"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-gwiju","name":"Battle of Gwiju","startYear":1019,"endYear":1019,"coordinates":[125.2,39.9],"locations":["Gwiju (Kusong)","northern Korea"],"countries":["Goryeo","Liao dynasty (Khitan)"],"polityIds":["asia-goryeo"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kuju","importance":3},{"id":"jingkang-incident","name":"Jingkang incident","startYear":1125,"endYear":1127,"coordinates":[114.3,34.8],"locations":["Bianjing (Kaifeng)","Henan"],"countries":["Jin dynasty (Jurchen)","Northern Song dynasty"],"polityIds":["song-dynasty-northern"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingkang_incident","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-xiangyang","name":"Battle of Xiangyang","startYear":1267,"endYear":1273,"coordinates":[112.1,32],"locations":["Xiangyang and Fancheng","Hubei","Han River"],"countries":["Yuan dynasty (Mongols)","Southern Song dynasty"],"polityIds":["song-dynasty-southern"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-cheoin","name":"Battle of Cheoin","startYear":1232,"endYear":1232,"coordinates":[127.2,37.2],"locations":["Cheoin","modern Yongin","Gyeonggi, Korea"],"countries":["Goryeo","Mongol Empire"],"polityIds":["asia-goryeo","mongol-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cheoin","importance":2},{"id":"sambyeolcho-rebellion","name":"Sambyeolcho Rebellion","startYear":1270,"endYear":1273,"coordinates":[126.3,33.4],"locations":["Ganghwa Island","Jindo","Jeju Island","Korea"],"countries":["Sambyeolcho rebels","Goryeo and Yuan dynasty"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambyeolcho_Rebellion","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-yamen","name":"Battle of Yamen","startYear":1279,"endYear":1279,"coordinates":[113,22.2],"locations":["Yamen (Yashan)","Pearl River Delta","Guangdong"],"countries":["Yuan dynasty (Mongols)","Southern Song dynasty"],"polityIds":["song-dynasty-southern"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":100000,"high":100000,"source":"Wikipedia / traditional Chinese accounts","notes":"Traditional accounts report over 100,000 dead, including officials and women who drowned. This is a chronicle figure and likely imprecise."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen","importance":4},{"id":"heiji-rebellion","name":"Heiji Rebellion","startYear":1159,"endYear":1160,"coordinates":[135.77,35.01],"locations":["Kyoto","Japan"],"countries":["Taira clan","Minamoto clan"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiji_rebellion","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-okehazama","name":"Battle of Okehazama","startYear":1560,"endYear":1560,"coordinates":[136.97,35.06],"locations":["Okehazama","Owari Province","modern Aichi Prefecture"],"countries":["Oda clan","Imagawa clan"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okehazama","importance":4},{"id":"siege-of-odawara","name":"Siege of Odawara","startYear":1590,"endYear":1590,"coordinates":[139.15,35.25],"locations":["Odawara Castle","Sagami Province","modern Kanagawa"],"countries":["Toyotomi forces","Later Hōjō clan"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Odawara_(1590)","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-hansan-island","name":"Battle of Hansan Island","startYear":1592,"endYear":1592,"coordinates":[128.48,34.77],"locations":["Hansan Island","off Tongyeong","southern Korean coast"],"countries":["Joseon (Korea)","Japan (Toyotomi)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hansan_Island","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-chilcheollyang","name":"Battle of Chilcheollyang","startYear":1597,"endYear":1597,"coordinates":[128.55,34.95],"locations":["Chilcheollyang Strait","near Geoje Island","southern Korea"],"countries":["Joseon (Korea)","Japan (Toyotomi)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chilcheollyang","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-sarhu","name":"Battle of Sarhū","startYear":1619,"endYear":1619,"coordinates":[124,41.9],"locations":["Sarhū","near Fushun","Liaoning"],"countries":["Later Jin (Manchu)","Ming dynasty and Joseon"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":10000,"high":60000,"source":"Wikipedia / scholarly reassessment","notes":"Ming accounts claim 45,000–60,000 dead across four armies; modern quantitative analyses suggest 10,000–20,000 is more realistic."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sarh%C5%AB","importance":4},{"id":"later-jin-invasion-of-joseon","name":"Later Jin invasion of Joseon","startYear":1627,"endYear":1627,"coordinates":[125.7,39],"locations":["Pyongan Province","Hwanghae","Ganghwa Island","Korea"],"countries":["Later Jin (Manchu)","Joseon (Korea)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon","importance":3},{"id":"qing-invasion-of-joseon","name":"Qing invasion of Joseon","startYear":1636,"endYear":1637,"coordinates":[127.35,37.48],"locations":["Namhansanseong","Hanseong (Seoul)","Korea"],"countries":["Qing dynasty (Manchu)","Joseon (Korea)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon","importance":3},{"id":"jingnan-campaign","name":"Jingnan campaign","startYear":1399,"endYear":1402,"coordinates":[118.8,32.05],"locations":["Nanjing","Beiping (Beijing)","north China"],"countries":["Prince of Yan (Zhu Di)","Jianwen Emperor"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingnan_campaign","importance":3},{"id":"jiajing-wokou-raids","name":"Jiajing wokou raids","startYear":1540,"endYear":1567,"coordinates":[121.5,29.9],"locations":["Zhejiang","Jiangnan","Fujian","Guangdong coast"],"countries":["Ming dynasty","Wokou (pirate confederations)"],"polityIds":["ming-dynasty-1400"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids","importance":3},{"id":"khoshut-conquest-of-tibet","name":"Khoshut conquest of Tibet","startYear":1639,"endYear":1642,"coordinates":[88.9,29.3],"locations":["Shigatse","Lhasa","Kham (Beri)","Tibet"],"countries":["Khoshut Khanate (Güshi Khan)","Tsangpa kingdom and allies"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-jao-modo","name":"Battle of Jao Modo","startYear":1696,"endYear":1696,"coordinates":[107.5,47.7],"locations":["Jao Modo (Zuunmod)","upper Terelj River","near Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia"],"countries":["Qing dynasty","Dzungar Khanate"],"polityIds":["qing-dynasty-1790","asia-dzungar-khanate"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jao_Modo","importance":3},{"id":"liaoshen-campaign","name":"Liaoshen campaign","startYear":1948,"endYear":1948,"coordinates":[123.4,41.8],"locations":["Jinzhou","Changchun","Shenyang (Mukden)","Manchuria"],"countries":["People's Liberation Army (Communist)","National Revolutionary Army (Nationalist)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":539000,"high":539000,"source":"Wikipedia","notes":"Nationalist forces suffered over 470,000 casualties (killed, wounded, captured); PLA losses about 69,000. Combined ~539,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoshen_campaign","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-lechfeld-955","name":"Battle of Lechfeld (955)","startYear":955,"endYear":955,"coordinates":[10.85,48.3],"locations":["Lechfeld","south of Augsburg","River Lech","Bavaria"],"countries":["Kingdom of Germany (East Francia)","Magyars (Hungarians)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-tinchebray","name":"Battle of Tinchebray","startYear":1106,"endYear":1106,"coordinates":[-0.73,48.76],"locations":["Tinchebray","Orne","Normandy"],"countries":["Kingdom of England","Duchy of Normandy"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-england"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tinchebray","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-bremule","name":"Battle of Brémule","startYear":1119,"endYear":1119,"coordinates":[1.4058,49.3433],"locations":["Brémule","Norman Vexin","Normandy"],"countries":["Kingdom of England","Kingdom of France"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-england","kingdom-of-france"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A9mule","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-legnano","name":"Battle of Legnano","startYear":1176,"endYear":1176,"coordinates":[8.92,45.59],"locations":["Legnano","Lombardy"],"countries":["Holy Roman Empire","Lombard League"],"polityIds":["holy-roman-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-cortenuova","name":"Battle of Cortenuova","startYear":1237,"endYear":1237,"coordinates":[9.77,45.5],"locations":["Cortenuova","Province of Bergamo","Lombardy"],"countries":["Holy Roman Empire","Second Lombard 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alliance)","Kingdom of Bohemia"],"partOf":["Bohemian Wars"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_on_the_Marchfeld","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-covadonga","name":"Battle of Covadonga","startYear":722,"endYear":722,"coordinates":[-5,43.31],"locations":["Covadonga","Picos de Europa","Asturias"],"countries":["Kingdom of Asturias","Umayyad Caliphate"],"polityIds":["umayyad-caliphate"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Covadonga","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-ourique","name":"Battle of Ourique","startYear":1139,"endYear":1139,"coordinates":[-8.22,37.65],"locations":["Ourique","Baixo Alentejo","Portugal"],"countries":["County of Portugal","Almoravid Caliphate"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ourique","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-muret","name":"Battle of Muret","startYear":1213,"endYear":1213,"coordinates":[1.33,43.46],"locations":["Muret","near Toulouse","Languedoc"],"countries":["Crusaders (Simon de Montfort)","Crown of Aragon and County of Toulouse"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Muret","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-najera","name":"Battle of Nájera","startYear":1367,"endYear":1367,"coordinates":[-2.73,42.42],"locations":["Nájera","Navarrete","La Rioja","Castile"],"countries":["England and Castile (Pedro/Black Prince)","Castile (Henry of Trastámara) and France"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A1jera","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-clontarf","name":"Battle of Clontarf","startYear":1014,"endYear":1014,"coordinates":[-6.21,53.36],"locations":["Clontarf","Dublin Bay","Ireland"],"countries":["Munster-led Irish coalition (Brian Boru)","Norse-Irish alliance (Dublin and Leinster)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-stamford-bridge","name":"Battle of Stamford Bridge","startYear":1066,"endYear":1066,"coordinates":[-0.9031,53.9889],"locations":["Stamford Bridge","East Riding of Yorkshire","England"],"countries":["Kingdom of England","Kingdom of Norway"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-england"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-edington","name":"Battle of Edington","startYear":878,"endYear":878,"coordinates":[-2.2422,51.4403],"locations":["Edington","Wiltshire","Wessex"],"countries":["Kingdom of Wessex","Great Heathen Army (Danes)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edington","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-dorylaeum-1097","name":"Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)","startYear":1097,"endYear":1097,"coordinates":[30.5,39.8],"locations":["near Dorylaeum","Eskişehir","Anatolia"],"countries":["Crusaders (First Crusade)","Sultanate of Rum (Seljuk Turks)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dorylaeum_(1097)","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-ascalon","name":"Battle of Ascalon","startYear":1099,"endYear":1099,"coordinates":[34.55,31.66],"locations":["plain near Ascalon","Ashkelon","Palestine"],"countries":["Crusaders (Kingdom of Jerusalem)","Fatimid Caliphate"],"polityIds":["fatimid-caliphate"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ascalon","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-the-field-of-blood","name":"Battle of the Field of Blood","startYear":1119,"endYear":1119,"coordinates":[36.72,36.18],"locations":["near Sarmada","Ruj Valley","between Aleppo and Antioch","Syria"],"countries":["Principality of Antioch","Artuqids of Aleppo"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Field_of_Blood","importance":3},{"id":"siege-of-edessa-1144","name":"Siege of Edessa (1144)","startYear":1144,"endYear":1144,"coordinates":[38.79,37.16],"locations":["Edessa","Şanlıurfa","Upper Mesopotamia"],"countries":["County of Edessa (Crusaders)","Zengid Emirate (Mosul/Aleppo)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1144)","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-mansurah-1250","name":"Battle of Mansurah (1250)","startYear":1250,"endYear":1250,"coordinates":[31.38,31.04],"locations":["Al Mansurah","Nile Delta","Egypt"],"countries":["Crusaders (Seventh Crusade)","Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mansurah_(1250)","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-la-forbie","name":"Battle of La 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Legnica","startYear":1241,"endYear":1241,"coordinates":[16.26,51.14],"locations":["Legnickie Pole","near Legnica","Silesia"],"countries":["Mongol Empire","Polish-Moravian forces (Duchy of Silesia)"],"polityIds":["mongol-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-mohi","name":"Battle of Mohi","startYear":1241,"endYear":1241,"coordinates":[20.95,47.94],"locations":["Muhi","Sajó River","Hungary"],"countries":["Mongol Empire","Kingdom of Hungary"],"polityIds":["mongol-empire","kingdom-of-hungary"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mohi","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-the-terek-river","name":"Battle of the Terek River","startYear":1395,"endYear":1395,"coordinates":[44.7,43.6],"locations":["Terek River","North Caucasus"],"countries":["Timurid Empire","Golden Horde"],"polityIds":["timurid-empire","asia-golden-horde"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Terek_River","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-the-vorskla-river","name":"Battle of the Vorskla River","startYear":1399,"endYear":1399,"coordinates":[34.5,49.6],"locations":["Vorskla River","near Poltava"],"countries":["Grand Duchy of Lithuania and allies","Golden Horde"],"polityIds":["asia-golden-horde"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Vorskla_River","importance":3},{"id":"first-battle-of-tarain","name":"First Battle of Tarain","startYear":1191,"endYear":1191,"coordinates":[76.92,29.79],"locations":["Tarain (Taraori)","near Thanesar","Haryana"],"countries":["Ghurid Sultanate","Rajput Confederacy (Chahamanas)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tarain","importance":3},{"id":"second-battle-of-tarain","name":"Second Battle of Tarain","startYear":1192,"endYear":1192,"coordinates":[76.92,29.79],"locations":["Tarain (Taraori)","near Thanesar","Haryana"],"countries":["Ghurid Sultanate","Rajput Confederacy (Chahamanas)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tarain","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-kili","name":"Battle of Kili","startYear":1299,"endYear":1299,"coordinates":[77.2,28.7],"locations":["Kili","near Delhi"],"countries":["Delhi Sultanate","Chagatai Khanate (Mongols)"],"polityIds":["delhi-sultanate"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kili","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-dupplin-moor","name":"Battle of Dupplin Moor","startYear":1332,"endYear":1332,"coordinates":[-3.52,56.36],"locations":["Dupplin Moor","southeast of Perth","Perthshire"],"countries":["Edward Balliol and the Disinherited (English-backed)","Kingdom of Scotland"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-scotland"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dupplin_Moor","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-halidon-hill","name":"Battle of Halidon Hill","startYear":1333,"endYear":1333,"coordinates":[-2.02,55.79],"locations":["Halidon Hill","northwest of Berwick-upon-Tweed"],"countries":["Kingdom of England (Edward III and Edward Balliol)","Kingdom of Scotland"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-scotland"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":2900,"high":10000,"source":"Wikipedia (historians vs chronicles)","notes":"Scottish chronicles claim ~10,000 killed; modern historians estimate Scottish dead nearer ~2,900. English losses were minimal (single-digit to low double-digit)."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-auray","name":"Battle of Auray","startYear":1364,"endYear":1364,"coordinates":[-2.99,47.67],"locations":["Auray","Brittany"],"countries":["Anglo-Breton (Montfort) forces","Franco-Breton (Blois) forces"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Auray","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-roosebeke","name":"Battle of Roosebeke","startYear":1382,"endYear":1382,"coordinates":[3.02,50.92],"locations":["Westrozebeke","Goudberg","West Flanders"],"countries":["Kingdom of France","Flemish rebels (Ghent)"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-france"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Roosebeke","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-otterburn","name":"Battle of Otterburn","startYear":1388,"endYear":1388,"coordinates":[-2.2,55.25],"locations":["Otterburn","Northumberland","Anglo-Scottish border"],"countries":["Kingdom of Scotland","Kingdom of England"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-scotland","kingdom-of-england"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Otterburn","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-aljubarrota","name":"Battle of Aljubarrota","startYear":1385,"endYear":1385,"coordinates":[-8.93,39.55],"locations":["São Jorge","between Leiria and Alcobaça","Portugal"],"countries":["Kingdom of Portugal","Crown of Castile"],"polityIds":["kingdom-of-portugal","kingdom-of-castile"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aljubarrota","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-sempach","name":"Battle of Sempach","startYear":1386,"endYear":1386,"coordinates":[8.213,47.146],"locations":["near Sempach","Lake Sempach","Lucerne"],"countries":["Old Swiss Confederacy","Habsburg Austria"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sempach","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-tagliacozzo","name":"Battle of Tagliacozzo","startYear":1268,"endYear":1268,"coordinates":[13.257,42.066],"locations":["Piani Palentini","near Scurcola Marsicana","Abruzzo"],"countries":["Angevins (Charles of Anjou)","Hohenstaufen supporters (Conradin)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tagliacozzo","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-visby","name":"Battle of Visby","startYear":1361,"endYear":1361,"coordinates":[18.283,57.633],"locations":["near Visby","Gotland"],"countries":["Kingdom of Denmark","Gotland yeomen militia"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":1800,"high":2000,"source":"Wikipedia / archaeological excavations","notes":"An estimated ~1,800 Gotland yeomen and peasants died; ~2,000 bodies were later disinterred from mass graves at Korsbetningen. Danish losses unknown."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Visby","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-lewes","name":"Battle of Lewes","startYear":1264,"endYear":1264,"coordinates":[-0.008,50.88],"locations":["Offham Hill","near Lewes","Sussex"],"countries":["Baronial rebels (Simon de Montfort)","Royalists (Henry III)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lewes","importance":3},{"id":"paraguayan-civil-war-1947","name":"Paraguayan Civil War (1947)","startYear":1947,"endYear":1947,"coordinates":[-57.3333,-25.2667],"locations":["Asunción","Concepción","San Pedro","Caaguazú"],"countries":["Paraguayan government (Colorado/Morínigo)","Febrerista-Liberal-Communist rebels"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":8000,"high":50000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Estimates vary widely (commonly 20,000–30,000); chaotic records and mass displacement make figures uncertain."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_Civil_War_(1947)","importance":2},{"id":"dhofar-rebellion","name":"Dhofar Rebellion","startYear":1965,"endYear":1976,"coordinates":[54.0924,17.0151],"locations":["Dhofar","Salalah","Oman"],"countries":["Oman (with UK, Iran, Jordan)","PFLOAG / Dhofar Liberation Front"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":2000,"high":10000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Approx. 8,000 noncombatant deaths estimated; 719 Iranian troops killed; precise totals never compiled."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhofar_rebellion","importance":3},{"id":"1958-lebanon-crisis","name":"1958 Lebanon crisis","startYear":1958,"endYear":1958,"coordinates":[35.5018,33.8938],"locations":["Beirut","Lebanon"],"countries":["Lebanese government (with United States)","Lebanese opposition (pan-Arabist/Nasserist)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":1300,"high":4000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Estimates of fighting deaths vary; roughly 1,300–4,000 over the months of unrest."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis","importance":3},{"id":"revolucion-libertadora-1955","name":"Revolución Libertadora (1955)","startYear":1955,"endYear":1955,"coordinates":[-58.3816,-34.6037],"locations":["Buenos Aires","Córdoba","Argentina"],"countries":["Argentine government (Perón loyalists)","Anti-Peronist military rebels"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":300,"high":4000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Over 300 killed in the June 1955 Plaza de Mayo bombing alone; total coup-related deaths uncertain."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora","importance":3},{"id":"annexation-of-goa","name":"Annexation of Goa","startYear":1961,"endYear":1961,"coordinates":[73.8278,15.4909],"locations":["Goa","Daman","Diu"],"countries":["India","Portugal"],"partOf":[],"casualties":52,"casualtyRange":{"low":52,"high":52,"source":"scholarly","notes":"22 Indians and 30 Portuguese killed in the ~36-hour operation."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa","importance":3},{"id":"caracazo","name":"Caracazo","startYear":1989,"endYear":1989,"coordinates":[-66.9036,10.4806],"locations":["Caracas","Guarenas","Venezuela"],"countries":["Venezuelan government","Protesters / rioters"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":276,"high":3000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Official toll 276; human-rights estimates run as high as ~3,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracazo","importance":3},{"id":"telangana-rebellion","name":"Telangana Rebellion","startYear":1946,"endYear":1951,"coordinates":[78.4867,17.385],"locations":["Telangana","Hyderabad State","India"],"countries":["Princely State of Hyderabad (later India)","Communist-led peasant insurgents"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":2000,"high":4000,"source":"scholarly (contested)","notes":"Commonly cited ~4,000 peasant deaths, but figures are contested and vary from several hundred to tens of thousands; treated as an uncertain range rather than a flat fact."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana_Rebellion","importance":2},{"id":"annexation-of-hyderabad","name":"Annexation of Hyderabad","startYear":1948,"endYear":1948,"coordinates":[78.4867,17.385],"locations":["Hyderabad State","India"],"countries":["India","Princely State of Hyderabad (Nizam/Razakars)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":30000,"high":200000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Sunderlal Committee: 30,000–40,000 dead; some observers estimated 200,000+, largely communal massacres."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad","importance":3},{"id":"naxalbari-uprising","name":"Naxalbari uprising","startYear":1967,"endYear":1967,"coordinates":[88.2667,26.6667],"locations":["Naxalbari","Darjeeling district","West Bengal","India"],"countries":["Indian/West Bengal state","Communist (Maoist) peasant insurgents"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":10,"high":50,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Small initial death toll; the uprising's significance is as the trigger of the broader Naxalite movement."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxalbari_uprising","importance":2},{"id":"bizerte-crisis","name":"Bizerte crisis","startYear":1961,"endYear":1961,"coordinates":[9.8642,37.2746],"locations":["Bizerte","Tunisia"],"countries":["Tunisia","France"],"partOf":[],"casualties":654,"casualtyRange":{"low":654,"high":654,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Approximately 630 Tunisians and 24 French killed in three days of fighting."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizerte_crisis","importance":2},{"id":"costa-rican-civil-war","name":"Costa Rican Civil War","startYear":1948,"endYear":1948,"coordinates":[-84.0833,9.9333],"locations":["San José","Cartago","Costa Rica"],"countries":["Costa Rican government (Picado/Calderón)","National Liberation Army (José Figueres)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":2000,"high":4000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"About 2,000 deaths commonly cited; some sources give up to 4,000 in the 44-day war."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rican_Civil_War","importance":3},{"id":"1982-hama-massacre","name":"1982 Hama massacre","startYear":1982,"endYear":1982,"coordinates":[36.75,35.1333],"locations":["Hama","Syria"],"countries":["Syrian government (Hafez al-Assad)","Muslim Brotherhood insurgents"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":5000,"high":40000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Estimates range from 5,000 to 40,000 killed, including about 1,000 soldiers."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre","importance":3},{"id":"anfal-campaign","name":"Anfal campaign","startYear":1986,"endYear":1989,"coordinates":[44,36],"locations":["Iraqi Kurdistan","Iraq"],"countries":["Iraq (Saddam Hussein/Ba'athist government)","Iraqi Kurds (peshmerga and civilians)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":50000,"high":100000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Human Rights Watch estimated 50,000–100,000 deaths; Kurdish sources cite up to 182,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfal_campaign","importance":4},{"id":"halabja-massacre","name":"Halabja massacre","startYear":1988,"endYear":1988,"coordinates":[45.9869,35.1833],"locations":["Halabja","Iraqi Kurdistan","Iraq"],"countries":["Iraq (Saddam Hussein/Ba'athist government)","Kurdish civilians"],"partOf":["anfal-campaign"],"casualties":5000,"casualtyRange":{"low":3200,"high":5000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"About 5,000 killed and over 10,000 injured in the chemical attack of 16 March 1988."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja_massacre","importance":4},{"id":"1959-tibetan-uprising","name":"1959 Tibetan uprising","startYear":1959,"endYear":1959,"coordinates":[91.1119,29.652],"locations":["Lhasa","Tibet"],"countries":["People's Republic of China","Tibetan rebels"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":10000,"high":87000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"PRIO estimates ~10,000 Tibetan and 2,000 PLA battle deaths; Tibetan sources cite far higher tolls."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising","importance":4},{"id":"cyprus-emergency","name":"Cyprus Emergency","startYear":1955,"endYear":1959,"coordinates":[33.3823,35.1856],"locations":["Nicosia","Cyprus"],"countries":["United Kingdom","EOKA (Greek Cypriot guerrillas)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":500,"high":600,"source":"scholarly","notes":"About 371 British military and 21 police killed plus Cypriot fighters and civilians; total roughly 500+."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency","importance":3},{"id":"1991-iraqi-uprisings","name":"1991 Iraqi uprisings","startYear":1991,"endYear":1991,"coordinates":[44,33],"locations":["Basra","Karbala","Najaf","Iraqi Kurdistan","Iraq"],"countries":["Iraq (Saddam Hussein/Ba'athist government)","Shia and Kurdish rebels"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":25000,"high":180000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Estimates of those killed in suppression range widely from tens of thousands to ~180,000+, plus mass displacement."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings","importance":4},{"id":"2011-bahraini-uprising","name":"2011 Bahraini uprising","startYear":2011,"endYear":2014,"coordinates":[50.586,26.2235],"locations":["Manama","Pearl Roundabout","Bahrain"],"countries":["Bahrain (with GCC/Saudi forces)","Pro-democracy protesters"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":35,"high":122,"source":"scholarly","notes":"BICI found 35 deaths to mid-April 2011; cumulative toll reached ~122 by 2013."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising","importance":3},{"id":"jeju-uprising","name":"Jeju uprising","startYear":1948,"endYear":1949,"coordinates":[126.5219,33.4996],"locations":["Jeju Island","South Korea"],"countries":["South Korea (with US military government)","Communist-led insurgents (SKLP)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":14000,"high":30000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Official commission identified 14,373 victims; total death toll estimated up to 30,000."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju_uprising","importance":3},{"id":"insurgency-in-balochistan","name":"Insurgency in Balochistan","startYear":2004,"endYear":2024,"coordinates":[66.975,30.1798],"locations":["Quetta","Balochistan","Pakistan"],"countries":["Pakistan","Baloch separatist groups (BLA and others)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":6000,"high":12000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Ongoing; thousands of combatants and civilians killed and many enforced disappearances; point-in-time estimate."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan","importance":3},{"id":"operation-blue-star","name":"Operation Blue Star","startYear":1984,"endYear":1984,"coordinates":[74.8765,31.62],"locations":["Amritsar","Golden Temple","Punjab","India"],"countries":["India","Khalistani militants (Bhindranwale)"],"partOf":["Insurgency in Punjab, India"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":410,"high":3000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Official toll 410 killed; Sikh groups dispute and cite figures in the thousands."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star","importance":3},{"id":"tuareg-rebellion-19901995","name":"Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)","startYear":1990,"endYear":1995,"coordinates":[1,17],"locations":["Gao","Kidal","northern Mali","northern Niger"],"countries":["Mali and Niger","Tuareg insurgent movements"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":300,"high":1500,"source":"scholarly","notes":"At least ~300 killed (including the Tchin-Tabaradene massacre); totals uncertain."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)","importance":2},{"id":"1979-herat-uprising","name":"1979 Herat uprising","startYear":1979,"endYear":1979,"coordinates":[62.2031,34.3529],"locations":["Herat","Afghanistan"],"countries":["Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (Khalq government)","Mutinous soldiers and insurgents"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":3000,"high":25000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Aerial bombardment and recapture left an estimated 3,000–25,000 dead."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising","importance":3},{"id":"aden-emergency","name":"Aden Emergency","startYear":1963,"endYear":1967,"coordinates":[45.0367,12.7855],"locations":["Aden","South Yemen","Federation of South Arabia"],"countries":["United Kingdom","NLF and FLOSY (Yemeni nationalist insurgents)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":800,"high":2100,"source":"scholarly","notes":"About 90–92 British military and 17 British civilians killed; total deaths roughly 2,000 including Yemenis."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden_Emergency","importance":3},{"id":"1953-iranian-coup-d-etat","name":"1953 Iranian coup d'état","startYear":1953,"endYear":1953,"coordinates":[51.389,35.6892],"locations":["Tehran","Iran"],"countries":["Iranian government (Mosaddegh; CIA/MI6-backed coup)","Royalist/coup forces (Shah)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":300,"high":800,"source":"scholarly","notes":"About 300 killed in Tehran fighting, plus executions and deaths in custody afterward."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d'%C3%A9tat","importance":4},{"id":"buddhist-uprising-1966","name":"Buddhist Uprising (1966)","startYear":1966,"endYear":1966,"coordinates":[108.2208,16.0544],"locations":["Da Nang","Huế","South Vietnam"],"countries":["South Vietnam (Nguyễn Cao Kỳ government)","Buddhist movement and dissident ARVN units"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":150,"high":800,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Several hundred killed in clashes between government forces and the Struggle Movement; precise total uncertain."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_Uprising","importance":2},{"id":"black-september-jordan","name":"Black September (Jordan)","startYear":1970,"endYear":1971,"coordinates":[35.9106,31.9544],"locations":["Amman","Jordan"],"countries":["Jordan","Palestinian fedayeen (PLO)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":1500,"high":8000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Estimates range from ~1,500–2,000 to 7,000–8,000 killed."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September","importance":3},{"id":"chittagong-hill-tracts-conflict","name":"Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict","startYear":1977,"endYear":1997,"coordinates":[92.2,22.65],"locations":["Chittagong Hill Tracts","Rangamati","Bangladesh"],"countries":["Bangladesh","Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti / Shanti Bahini"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":8000,"high":30000,"source":"scholarly","notes":"Around 30,000 commonly cited as killed over the two-decade insurgency."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict","importance":3},{"id":"musket-wars","name":"Musket Wars","startYear":1818,"endYear":1840,"coordinates":[174,-36],"locations":["New Zealand","North Island","South Island"],"countries":["Ngāpuhi and musket-armed iwi","Other Māori iwi"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":20000,"high":40000,"source":"Crosby (The Musket Wars) drawing on demographer Ian Pool","notes":"Most estimates center on ~20,000 killed between 1818 and the early 1830s; some analyses extend to 20,000–40,000 across the full period. Crosby/Pool estimate a further ~30,000 (possibly up to ~80,000) enslaved or displaced. Figures are scholarly estimates, not precise counts."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket_Wars","importance":4},{"id":"flagstaff-war","name":"Flagstaff War","startYear":1845,"endYear":1846,"coordinates":[174.05,-35.27],"locations":["Bay of Islands","Kororāreka (Russell)","Ruapekapeka","New Zealand"],"countries":["Ngāpuhi (Hōne Heke, Kawiti)","British Empire and allied Māori"],"partOf":["new-zealand-land-wars"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":100,"high":250,"source":"Te Ara / NZ History compiled battle casualty figures","notes":"British and allied losses across Kororāreka, Puketutu, Ōhaeawai and Ruapekapeka totaled roughly 80–90 killed; Ngāpuhi losses (Heke/Kawiti) perhaps up to ~200 killed and wounded. No single authoritative total exists."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagstaff_War","importance":3},{"id":"first-taranaki-war","name":"First Taranaki War","startYear":1860,"endYear":1861,"coordinates":[174.07,-39.06],"locations":["Taranaki","Waitara","New Plymouth","New Zealand"],"countries":["Te Āti Awa and allied Māori","British Empire and colonial forces"],"partOf":["new-zealand-land-wars"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":200,"high":250,"source":"Te Ara / standard NZ Wars accounts","notes":"Roughly 200 killed in total; precise Māori losses uncertain."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Taranaki_War","importance":3},{"id":"invasion-of-the-waikato","name":"Invasion of the Waikato","startYear":1863,"endYear":1864,"coordinates":[175.15,-37.55],"locations":["Waikato","Rangiriri","Ōrākau","New Zealand"],"countries":["Kīngitanga (Māori King Movement)","British Empire and colonial forces"],"partOf":["new-zealand-land-wars"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":1000,"high":1500,"source":"Te Ara / NZ History (Taranaki and Waikato campaigns combined ~1,800 Māori and ~800 European dead)","notes":"Combined Taranaki–Waikato campaign deaths are cited as about 1,800 Māori and 800 Europeans; the Waikato invasion itself accounts for a large but not separately quantified share. Range reflects the Waikato portion only."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Waikato","importance":4},{"id":"tauranga-campaign","name":"Tauranga campaign","startYear":1864,"endYear":1864,"coordinates":[176.17,-37.69],"locations":["Tauranga","Gate Pā (Pukehinahina)","Te Ranga","Bay of Plenty","New Zealand"],"countries":["Ngāi Te Rangi and allied Māori","British Empire and colonial forces"],"partOf":["new-zealand-land-wars"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":150,"high":200,"source":"NZ History / Wikipedia battle tallies","notes":"At Gate Pā British losses were 31 killed and 80 wounded; Māori losses ~25–30. At Te Ranga over 100 Māori were killed or fatally wounded. Total killed across the campaign roughly 150–200."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga_campaign","importance":3},{"id":"second-taranaki-war","name":"Second Taranaki War","startYear":1863,"endYear":1866,"coordinates":[174.2,-39.4],"locations":["Taranaki","New Zealand"],"countries":["Taranaki Māori and Pai Mārire (Hauhau)","New Zealand Government and colonial forces"],"partOf":["new-zealand-land-wars"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Taranaki_War","importance":3},{"id":"east-cape-war","name":"East Cape War","startYear":1865,"endYear":1866,"coordinates":[178.3,-38],"locations":["East Cape","Gisborne","Waerenga-a-Hika","New Zealand"],"countries":["Pai Mārire (Hauhau) Māori","Colonial government and kūpapa Māori"],"partOf":["new-zealand-land-wars"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Cape_War","importance":2},{"id":"te-kooti-s-war","name":"Te Kooti's War","startYear":1868,"endYear":1872,"coordinates":[177.5,-38.5],"locations":["Poverty Bay","Urewera","Bay of Plenty","New Zealand"],"countries":["Te Kooti's Ringatū followers","New Zealand Government and kūpapa Māori"],"partOf":["new-zealand-land-wars"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Kooti%27s_War","importance":2},{"id":"wars-of-hawaiian-unification","name":"Wars of Hawaiian Unification","startYear":1782,"endYear":1810,"coordinates":[-156.3,20.3],"locations":["Hawaiʻi","Maui","Oʻahu","Kauaʻi","Hawaiian Islands"],"countries":["Kamehameha I's forces","Rival Hawaiian chiefdoms"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Hawaii","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-mokuohai","name":"Battle of Mokuʻōhai","startYear":1782,"endYear":1782,"coordinates":[-155.9,19.4],"locations":["Mokuʻōhai","Kona","Hawaiʻi island"],"countries":["Kamehameha's forces","Kīwalaʻō's forces"],"partOf":["wars-of-hawaiian-unification"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moku%CA%BB%C5%8Dhai","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-kepaniwai","name":"Battle of Kepaniwai","startYear":1790,"endYear":1790,"coordinates":[-156.55,20.88],"locations":["ʻĪao Valley","Maui","Hawaiian Islands"],"countries":["Kamehameha's forces (Hawaiʻi)","Maui forces (Kalanikūpule)"],"partOf":["wars-of-hawaiian-unification"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kepaniwai","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-nuuanu","name":"Battle of Nuʻuanu","startYear":1795,"endYear":1795,"coordinates":[-157.82,21.36],"locations":["Nuʻuanu Pali","Oʻahu","Hawaiian Islands"],"countries":["Kamehameha's forces","Oʻahu forces (Kalanikūpule)"],"partOf":["wars-of-hawaiian-unification"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":400,"high":800,"source":"Standard accounts (over 700 Oʻahu warriors driven off the pali)","notes":"More than 700 Oʻahu warriors were said to have been driven or to have jumped off the Nuʻuanu Pali; total deaths are uncertain. Figures are traditional estimates."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nu%CA%BBuanu","importance":3},{"id":"tongan-civil-war","name":"Tongan Civil War","startYear":1799,"endYear":1852,"coordinates":[-175.2,-21.2],"locations":["Tongatapu","Haʻapai","Vavaʻu","Tonga"],"countries":["Tuʻi Kanokupolu and rival chiefly lines","Tāufaʻāhau (George Tupou I) and allies"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tonga","importance":2},{"id":"burmesesiamese-war-18021805","name":"Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805)","startYear":1802,"endYear":1805,"coordinates":[100.08,20.27],"locations":["Chiang Mai","Chiang Saen","Lan Na","Northern Thailand"],"countries":["Konbaung Burma","Rattanakosin Siam and Lan Na"],"polityIds":["asia-konbaung-burma"],"partOf":["burmese-siamese-wars"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1802%E2%80%931805)","importance":2},{"id":"burmesesiamese-war-18091812","name":"Burmese–Siamese War (1809–1812)","startYear":1809,"endYear":1812,"coordinates":[98.3,8],"locations":["Phuket (Thalang)","Andaman Coast","Southern Thailand"],"countries":["Konbaung Burma","Rattanakosin Siam"],"polityIds":["asia-konbaung-burma"],"partOf":["burmese-siamese-wars"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1809%E2%80%931812)","importance":2},{"id":"burmesesiamese-war-18491855","name":"Burmese–Siamese War (1849–1855)","startYear":1849,"endYear":1855,"coordinates":[99.6,21.3],"locations":["Kengtung (Chiang Tung)","Shan States","Northern Thailand","Burma"],"countries":["Konbaung Burma and Kengtung","Rattanakosin Siam and Lan Na"],"partOf":["burmese-siamese-wars"],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1849%E2%80%931855)","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-rangiriri","name":"Battle of Rangiriri","startYear":1863,"endYear":1863,"coordinates":[175.13,-37.43],"locations":["Rangiriri","Waikato","New Zealand"],"countries":["Kīngitanga (Māori King Movement)","British Empire and colonial forces"],"partOf":["invasion-of-the-waikato","new-zealand-land-wars"],"casualties":88,"casualtyRange":{"low":80,"high":100,"source":"NZ History / Te Ara battle tallies","notes":"About 41 Māori killed (including six chiefs); British dead numbered 37 (two officers and 35 men), with ten of 93 wounded later dying. 183 Māori were taken prisoner. Combined deaths roughly 80–90."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rangiriri","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-orakau","name":"Battle of Ōrākau","startYear":1864,"endYear":1864,"coordinates":[175.42,-38.07],"locations":["Ōrākau","Waikato","New Zealand"],"countries":["Kīngitanga (Māori King Movement)","British Empire and colonial forces"],"partOf":["invasion-of-the-waikato","new-zealand-land-wars"],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":130,"high":180,"source":"NZ History / Te Ara battle tallies","notes":"Up to about 160 Māori were killed, most during the breakout, plus 17 British regulars dead and 51 wounded. It was the single greatest loss of life of the wars."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%8Cr%C4%81kau","importance":3},{"id":"wairau-affray","name":"Wairau Affray","startYear":1843,"endYear":1843,"coordinates":[173.85,-41.5],"locations":["Wairau Valley","Marlborough","South Island","New Zealand"],"countries":["Ngāti Toa (Te Rauparaha, Te Rangihaeata)","New Zealand Company settlers"],"partOf":[],"casualties":26,"casualtyRange":{"low":26,"high":26,"source":"Wikipedia / Te Ara","notes":"22 British settlers killed (nine after surrender) and 4 Māori killed, including Te Rongo, wife of Te Rangihaeata."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairau_Affray","importance":2},{"id":"alauddin-khalji-s-conquest-of-ranthambore","name":"Alauddin Khalji's Conquest of Ranthambore","startYear":1301,"endYear":1301,"coordinates":[76.46,26.02],"locations":["Ranthambore Fort","Rajasthan","North India"],"countries":["Delhi Sultanate (Khalji dynasty)","Chahamana Kingdom of Ranthambore"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji%27s_conquest_of_Ranthambore","importance":3},{"id":"siege-of-warangal-1310","name":"Siege of Warangal (1310)","startYear":1310,"endYear":1310,"coordinates":[79.59,17.97],"locations":["Warangal","Telangana","Deccan"],"countries":["Delhi Sultanate (Khalji dynasty)","Kakatiya Dynasty"],"polityIds":["asia-kakatiya-dynasty"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Warangal_(1310)","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-chausa","name":"Battle of Chausa","startYear":1539,"endYear":1539,"coordinates":[83.88,25.52],"locations":["Chausa","Bihar","North India"],"countries":["Mughal Empire","Sur Empire (Sher Shah Suri)"],"polityIds":["mughal-early"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-kannauj","name":"Battle of Kannauj","startYear":1540,"endYear":1540,"coordinates":[79.92,27.06],"locations":["Kannauj (Bilgram)","Uttar Pradesh","North India"],"countries":["Sur Empire (Sher Shah Suri)","Mughal Empire"],"polityIds":["mughal-early"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kannauj","importance":3},{"id":"siege-of-chittorgarh-1567-1568","name":"Siege of Chittorgarh (1567-1568)","startYear":1567,"endYear":1568,"coordinates":[74.65,24.89],"locations":["Chittorgarh","Mewar","Rajasthan"],"countries":["Mughal Empire","Kingdom of Mewar"],"polityIds":["asia-mughal-akbar"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":20000,"high":30000,"source":"Abu'l-Fazl, Akbarnama (via Wikipedia)","notes":"Chronicle figure of ~30,000 civilians massacred after the fort fell on 23 Feb 1568; combat losses additional and unquantified."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568)","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-samugarh","name":"Battle of Samugarh","startYear":1658,"endYear":1658,"coordinates":[78.18,27.13],"locations":["Samugarh","near Agra","Uttar Pradesh"],"countries":["Aurangzeb's faction (Mughal Empire)","Dara Shikoh's faction (Mughal Empire)"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Samugarh","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-pratapgad","name":"Battle of Pratapgad","startYear":1659,"endYear":1659,"coordinates":[73.58,17.93],"locations":["Pratapgad Fort","Satara","Maharashtra"],"countries":["Maratha forces (Shivaji)","Adil Shahi Sultanate of Bijapur"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pratapgarh","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-raichur","name":"Battle of Raichur","startYear":1520,"endYear":1520,"coordinates":[77.36,16.21],"locations":["Raichur","Raichur Doab","Deccan"],"countries":["Vijayanagara Empire","Sultanate of Bijapur"],"polityIds":["vijayanagara-empire","asia-deccan-sultanate-bijapur"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Raichur","importance":3},{"id":"chola-conquest-of-anuradhapura","name":"Chola Conquest of Anuradhapura","startYear":993,"endYear":993,"coordinates":[80.4,8.35],"locations":["Anuradhapura","Rajarata","Sri Lanka"],"countries":["Chola Empire","Anuradhapura Kingdom"],"polityIds":["asia-chola-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-dhi-qar","name":"Battle of Dhi Qar","startYear":609,"endYear":609,"coordinates":[46.05,30.96],"locations":["Dhi Qar","near al-Hira","southern Iraq"],"countries":["Banu Bakr (Arab tribal confederation)","Sasanian Empire"],"polityIds":["sassanid-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dhu_Qar","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-jalula","name":"Battle of Jalula","startYear":637,"endYear":637,"coordinates":[45.16,34.27],"locations":["Jalula","near Ctesiphon","Iraq"],"countries":["Rashidun Caliphate","Sasanian Empire"],"polityIds":["rashidun-caliphate","sassanid-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jalula","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-nahavand","name":"Battle of Nahavand","startYear":642,"endYear":642,"coordinates":[48.37,34.19],"locations":["Nahavand","Media","western Iran"],"countries":["Rashidun Caliphate","Sasanian Empire"],"polityIds":["rashidun-caliphate","sassanid-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nahavand","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-the-camel","name":"Battle of the Camel","startYear":656,"endYear":656,"coordinates":[47.78,30.51],"locations":["near Basra","Iraq"],"countries":["Caliph Ali's partisans","Coalition of Aisha, Talha and Zubayr"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":10000,"high":15000,"source":"estimates cited via Wikipedia / Britannica","notes":"Often-cited estimate of 10,000-15,000 dead, mostly on the rebel side; derived from medieval Arabic chronicles and not firmly verifiable."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-siffin","name":"Battle of Siffin","startYear":657,"endYear":657,"coordinates":[38.55,35.95],"locations":["Siffin","upper Euphrates","Syria"],"countries":["Caliph Ali (Rashidun Caliphate)","Mu'awiya's Syrian forces"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":25000,"high":70000,"source":"medieval chronicles via Wikipedia","notes":"Chronicles report figures such as ~45,000 Syrian and ~25,000 Iraqi dead; these are unverifiable medieval estimates and likely inflated."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-nahrawan","name":"Battle of Nahrawan","startYear":658,"endYear":658,"coordinates":[45,33.3],"locations":["Nahrawan canal","near Baghdad","Iraq"],"countries":["Caliph Ali (Rashidun Caliphate)","Kharijites"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nahrawan","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-karbala","name":"Battle of Karbala","startYear":680,"endYear":680,"coordinates":[44.03,32.61],"locations":["Karbala","Iraq"],"countries":["Umayyad Caliphate (Yazid I)","Husayn ibn Ali and companions"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-jam","name":"Battle of Jam","startYear":1528,"endYear":1528,"coordinates":[60.66,35.3],"locations":["Jam","near Herat","Khorasan"],"countries":["Safavid Empire","Bukharan Uzbeks (Shaybanids)"],"polityIds":["safavid-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmasp_I","importance":2},{"id":"battle-of-gulnabad","name":"Battle of Gulnabad","startYear":1722,"endYear":1722,"coordinates":[51.78,32.55],"locations":["Gulnabad","near Isfahan","Iran"],"countries":["Hotak Dynasty (Afghans)","Safavid Empire"],"polityIds":["safavid-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":5000,"high":15000,"source":"estimates via Wikipedia","notes":"Safavid dead estimated between 5,000 and 15,000; Afghan losses an order of magnitude smaller."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gulnabad","importance":4},{"id":"siege-of-isfahan-1722","name":"Siege of Isfahan (1722)","startYear":1722,"endYear":1722,"coordinates":[51.68,32.65],"locations":["Isfahan","Iran"],"countries":["Hotak Dynasty (Afghans)","Safavid Empire"],"polityIds":["safavid-empire"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":40000,"high":80000,"source":"contemporary estimates via Wikipedia","notes":"Tens of thousands of civilians (estimates up to ~80,000) died of starvation and disease during the six-month blockade; figures are contemporary estimates, not census data."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-karnal","name":"Battle of Karnal","startYear":1739,"endYear":1739,"coordinates":[76.99,29.69],"locations":["Karnal","Haryana","North India"],"countries":["Afsharid Iran (Nader Shah)","Mughal Empire"],"polityIds":["mughal-late"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":8000,"high":30000,"source":"estimates via Wikipedia / Clodfelter","notes":"Mughal dead commonly estimated around 10,000 (some sources higher); Persian losses very light (~hundreds). Figures vary by source."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal","importance":4},{"id":"battle-of-pollilur-1780","name":"Battle of Pollilur (1780)","startYear":1780,"endYear":1780,"coordinates":[79.83,12.92],"locations":["Pollilur","near Kanchipuram","Tamil Nadu"],"countries":["Kingdom of Mysore","British East India Company"],"polityIds":["british-india-1765"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pollilur_(1780)","importance":3},{"id":"third-battle-of-panipat","name":"Third Battle of Panipat","startYear":1761,"endYear":1761,"coordinates":[76.97,29.39],"locations":["Panipat","Haryana","North India"],"countries":["Durrani Empire (Ahmad Shah Durrani)","Maratha Empire"],"polityIds":["asia-maratha-confederacy"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"casualtyRange":{"low":60000,"high":100000,"source":"Shejwalkar, Panipat 1761; via Wikipedia","notes":"~60,000-70,000 killed in the fighting; including the post-battle massacre of prisoners and non-combatants, Shejwalkar estimates up to ~100,000 Maratha dead. Heavily disputed."},"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat","importance":5},{"id":"battle-of-kharda","name":"Battle of Kharda","startYear":1795,"endYear":1795,"coordinates":[75.62,18.62],"locations":["Kharda","Maharashtra","Deccan"],"countries":["Maratha Confederacy","Nizam of Hyderabad"],"polityIds":["asia-maratha-confederacy"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kharda","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-aslanduz","name":"Battle of Aslanduz","startYear":1812,"endYear":1812,"coordinates":[47.92,39.43],"locations":["Aslanduz","Aras River","Caucasus"],"countries":["Russian Empire","Qajar Iran"],"polityIds":["russian-empire","asia-qajar-dynasty"],"partOf":[],"casualties":null,"wikipediaUrl":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aslanduz","importance":3},{"id":"battle-of-ganja-1826","name":"Battle of Ganja (1826)","startYear":1826,"endYear":1826,"coordinates":[46.36,40.68],"locations":["Ganja 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